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Questions and Answers
What is a key advantage of being a multicellular organism?
What is a key advantage of being a multicellular organism?
Which tissue type is responsible for the outer layer of herbaceous plants?
Which tissue type is responsible for the outer layer of herbaceous plants?
Which system includes leaves, stems, buds, and flowers?
Which system includes leaves, stems, buds, and flowers?
What is the main function of vascular tissue in plants?
What is the main function of vascular tissue in plants?
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What is the primary role of ground tissue in the stem of a plant?
What is the primary role of ground tissue in the stem of a plant?
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What specialized function do tubers primarily serve in plants?
What specialized function do tubers primarily serve in plants?
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Which type of meristem is responsible for producing root tissue?
Which type of meristem is responsible for producing root tissue?
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How do dermal tissues in roots primarily function?
How do dermal tissues in roots primarily function?
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What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?
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Which component is essential for the functioning of sieve tube cells in phloem tissue?
Which component is essential for the functioning of sieve tube cells in phloem tissue?
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What process occurs in a chloroplast during photosynthesis?
What process occurs in a chloroplast during photosynthesis?
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During cellular respiration, which products are generated from glucose and oxygen?
During cellular respiration, which products are generated from glucose and oxygen?
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What is the function of guard cells in relation to stomata?
What is the function of guard cells in relation to stomata?
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Which statement describes the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Which statement describes the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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What triggers guard cells to swell and open the stomata?
What triggers guard cells to swell and open the stomata?
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Which statement accurately describes turgor pressure?
Which statement accurately describes turgor pressure?
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What is the primary purpose of root hairs in plants?
What is the primary purpose of root hairs in plants?
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What is the role of palisade mesophyll tissue?
What is the role of palisade mesophyll tissue?
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Which of the following best represents the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Which of the following best represents the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?
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How does the rate of cellular respiration in plants compare to that of animals?
How does the rate of cellular respiration in plants compare to that of animals?
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Which tissue in a plant is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
Which tissue in a plant is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
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What is a primary role of lenticels in plants?
What is a primary role of lenticels in plants?
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What function does cohesion serve in the transportation of water in plants?
What function does cohesion serve in the transportation of water in plants?
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Which of the following best describes root pressure?
Which of the following best describes root pressure?
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What does positive phototropism in stems refer to?
What does positive phototropism in stems refer to?
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Which chemical is associated with the elongation of plant cells in response to light?
Which chemical is associated with the elongation of plant cells in response to light?
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What is the role of water in the pressure flow theory?
What is the role of water in the pressure flow theory?
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How do roots exhibit positive gravitropism?
How do roots exhibit positive gravitropism?
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What occurs to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
What occurs to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
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What is the hypothesized method by which plants determine which way is up?
What is the hypothesized method by which plants determine which way is up?
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What is transpiration pull primarily caused by?
What is transpiration pull primarily caused by?
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What is the main difference between a source and a sink in plants?
What is the main difference between a source and a sink in plants?
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Study Notes
Plant Cell Structure and Function
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Cell Hierarchy: Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms:
- Unicellular: A single-celled living organism. Not 'simple'.
- Multicellular: Organisms composed of multiple cells. Specialized cells carry out specific functions.
- Advantages of Multicellular Organisms: Division of labor (specialized cells), increased size (better nutrient transport), interdependence of cells (resistance to damage to a single cell, but vulnerable to problems in any one).
Plant Organ Systems
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Shoot System: Includes leaves, stems, buds, flowers, fruit, and tubers (swollen stems for food storage, e.g., potatoes). Specialized for photosynthesis, reproduction, food and water storage, & transportation.
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Root System: Includes aerial roots. Specialized for anchorage, water and mineral absorption, and food and water transport.
Plant Tissues
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Dermal Tissue (Epidermis): Outermost covering of herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
- Single cell layer thick, waxy cuticle (outer layer) reduces water loss and protects from disease.
- Shoot epidermis: Gas exchange (O2, CO2), cuticle secretion.
- Root epidermis: Water and nutrient uptake.
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Ground Tissue: Makes up bulk of plant. Directly beneath epidermis, loosely packed for air diffusion.
- Shoot ground tissue: Strength & support (stem), photosynthesis (leaves).
- Root ground tissue: Food and water storage.
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Vascular Tissue: Transport system with xylem and phloem.
- Xylem: Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. Non-living cells.
- Phloem: Transports sucrose and other sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant (including storage). Sieve tube cells (long, connected cells) require companion cells for survival and direction.
Cell Specialization and Growth
- Differentiation: Cells become specialized for specific functions as they develop.
- Root Hairs: Tiny projections on root cells that increase surface area for nutrient and water absorption.
- Guard Cells: Specific cells in leaf epidermis that form pores called stomata for gas exchange. They contain chloroplasts.
Gas Exchange and Water Regulation
- Stomata: One pore surrounded by two guard cells; stomata open and close to regulate gas exchange.
- Turgor Pressure: Pressure from water against cell walls; turgid when swollen with water (in guard cells to open stomata).
- Stomata Opening (Swelling of Guard Cells): Accumulation of potassium ions (active transport), increased water entry (osmosis) resulting in turgidity, and outward bulging.
- Stomata closing (Shrinking of Guard Cells): Potassium ions diffuse out, decreasing water entry, resulting in loss of turgidity.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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Photosynthesis: Occurs in chloroplasts; uses light energy to convert CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen.
- Word equation: Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + energy
- Balanced equation: 6CO₂(g)+ 6H₂O(l) +light → C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂.(g)
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Cellular Respiration: Reverse of photosynthesis; occurs in mitochondria; converts glucose and oxygen into CO2, water, and ATP.
- Word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
- Balanced equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
- Difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration: Photosynthesis is daytime plant only; cellular respiration is continuous in all cells.
Leaf Structure and Function
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Mesophyll Tissue: Photosynthesis occurs here.
- Spongy mesophyll: Loosely packed cells with air spaces for gas exchange.
- Palisade mesophyll: Tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts, maximizing light absorption.
- Vascular Bundle (Vein): Contains xylem and phloem, embedded in mesophyll, transport system.
Water Transport Mechanisms
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Transpiration: Water evaporation from leaves. Affects water transport.
- Factors: Hot/cold temperature; higher rate in hot.
- Cohesion: Attraction between water molecules.
- Adhesion: Attraction between water and other substances (e.g., plant cell walls).
- Tension (Transpiration Pull): Tension created by transpiration, pulling water up the xylem.
Root Pressure and Other Processes
- Root Pressure: Upward force in transport tubes from water entry into roots.
- Plasmolysis: Cell shrinking in a hypertonic environment.
- Hypotonic Solution: Cell swelling in a hypotonic environment.
Sugar Transport
- Pressure-Flow Theory: Sugars are actively loaded into phloem, increasing water intake, and water pressure pushes them through the plant.
- Source: Location of sugar production (leaves).
- Sink: Location of sugar use/storage.
Plant Responses to Stimuli
- Stimulus: Signal triggering a reaction.
- Tropism: Plant response to an external stimulus.
- Positive Tropism: Growth toward a stimulus.
- Negative Tropism: Growth away from a stimulus.
- Phototropism: Response to light, stems positive (toward), roots negative (away).
- Gravitropism: Response to gravity, roots positive (toward), stems negative (away).
- Auxin: Plant hormone stimulating cell growth, causing stems to grow toward light.
- How Plants Detect Up/Down: Starch granules move based on gravity to inform the plant about orientation.
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Description
This quiz explores the intricate structures and functions of plant cells, highlighting the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms. It also covers the various plant organ systems, including the shoot and root systems, and the specialized functions of plant tissues. Test your knowledge on how these components work together for plant survival.
