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Questions and Answers
What characterizes unicellular organisms?
What characterizes unicellular organisms?
What is a primary advantage of multicellular organisms?
What is a primary advantage of multicellular organisms?
Which plant organ system includes leaves and flowers?
Which plant organ system includes leaves and flowers?
What is the primary function of dermal tissue in the root system?
What is the primary function of dermal tissue in the root system?
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What type of tissue in plants is responsible for transportation?
What type of tissue in plants is responsible for transportation?
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What distinguishes meristematic tissue in plants?
What distinguishes meristematic tissue in plants?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue found in both the shoot and root systems?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue found in both the shoot and root systems?
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What role does ground tissue play in the shoot system?
What role does ground tissue play in the shoot system?
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What is the main purpose of cohesion in the context of water transport in plants?
What is the main purpose of cohesion in the context of water transport in plants?
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Which of the following factors leads to a faster rate of transpiration in plants?
Which of the following factors leads to a faster rate of transpiration in plants?
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What occurs to a plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
What occurs to a plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
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What process provides the upward force needed to transport water in plants?
What process provides the upward force needed to transport water in plants?
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Which of the following statements best describes tropism?
Which of the following statements best describes tropism?
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Which statement is true regarding positive phototropism in plant stems?
Which statement is true regarding positive phototropism in plant stems?
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What did Peter Boylen-Jensen discover about the chemical communication in plants?
What did Peter Boylen-Jensen discover about the chemical communication in plants?
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How do roots demonstrate positive gravitropism?
How do roots demonstrate positive gravitropism?
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What does the pressure flow theory explain about phloem transport?
What does the pressure flow theory explain about phloem transport?
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How does the movement of starch particles help plants determine their orientation?
How does the movement of starch particles help plants determine their orientation?
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What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?
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What is the main role of phloem tissue?
What is the main role of phloem tissue?
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Which of the following cells form the pores for gas exchange in the leaves?
Which of the following cells form the pores for gas exchange in the leaves?
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What type of energy is produced from glucose during cellular respiration?
What type of energy is produced from glucose during cellular respiration?
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What is one difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What is one difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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What is the function of turgor pressure in plant cells?
What is the function of turgor pressure in plant cells?
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Which component of the leaf is primarily responsible for maximizing photosynthesis?
Which component of the leaf is primarily responsible for maximizing photosynthesis?
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What is the correct word equation for photosynthesis?
What is the correct word equation for photosynthesis?
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What triggers guard cells to open stomata?
What triggers guard cells to open stomata?
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What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?
What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?
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How do guard cells close the stomata?
How do guard cells close the stomata?
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What role do root hairs play in plant physiology?
What role do root hairs play in plant physiology?
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What happens during the daytime in relation to photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What happens during the daytime in relation to photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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Which type of mesophyll contains chloroplasts and is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
Which type of mesophyll contains chloroplasts and is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Plant Cell Structure and Function
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Cell Hierarchy: Molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms:
- Unicellular organisms are composed of a single cell, but are not simple.
- Multicellular organisms have specialized cells for different functions, allowing for advantages like division of labor, larger size with better transport, and interdependence of cells. However, problems with one cell can negatively affect the whole organism.
Plant Organ Systems
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Shoot System:
- Includes leaves, stem, buds, flowers, fruit, and tubers (e.g., potatoes).
- Specialized for photosynthesis, reproduction, food/water storage and transport.
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Root System:
- Includes aerial roots.
- Specialized for anchorage, water/mineral absorption, and food/water transport.
- Both shoot and root systems are composed of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
Plant Tissues
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Dermal Tissue (Epidermis):
- Outer layer, usually one cell thick, covering herbaceous plants.
- Includes a waxy cuticle for moisture retention, disease protection, and gas exchange.
- Root epidermis is adapted for water and nutrient uptake.
- Shoot epidermis is adapted for gas exchange.
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Ground Tissue:
- Makes up most of the plant.
- Located beneath the epidermis.
- Loosely packed allows for gas diffusion.
- Shoot Ground tissue provides support and performs photosynthesis in leaves.
- Root ground tissue involved in food and water storage.
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Vascular Tissue:
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A transport system with two components: xylem and phloem. Essential for transporting materials throughout the plant.
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Xylem:
- Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
- Primarily non-living cells.
- As cells mature and die, they form hollow tubes to facilitate efficient water transport.
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Phloem:
- Transports sucrose and other sugars from leaves to other plant parts.
- Composed of long, living sieve tube cells connected by cytoplasm.
- Sieve tube cells rely on companion cells for direction.
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Cell Development and Specialization
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Differentiation: Cells become specialized for specific tasks during development.
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Root Hairs: Tiny projections on root cells increasing surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
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Guard Cells: Specialized epidermal cells forming stomata on leaves. Essential for gas exchange and preventing water loss.
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Stomata: Tiny pores (one stoma) on leaves regulated by guard cells.
Photosynthesis
- Definition: A process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.
- Word Equation: Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + energy
- Balanced Chemical Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Cellular Respiration
- Definition: The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy.
- Word Equation: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
- Balanced Chemical Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Photosynthesis and Respiration Differences
- Photosynthesis occurs in plants (during the day), converting light energy to chemical energy. Cellular respiration occurs in all cells (always), breaking down the chemical energy to provide energy for the plant's cell processes.
Leaf Structure and Function
- Mesophyll Tissue: The photosynthetic tissue in leaves, includes spongy and palisade mesophyll.
- Spongy Mesophyll: Allows for gas exchange.
- Palisade Mesophyll: Maximizes sunlight absorption.
Water Transport in Plants
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Transpiration: Water loss from plant leaves (by evaporation).
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Mechanisms for Water Transport: Cohesion, adhesion, and tension (or transpiration pull) work together to pull water against gravity.
- Cohesion: Water molecules stick together.
- Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other substances (e.g., xylem walls).
- Tension (Transpiration pull): Pulling force from water evaporation from leaves.
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Root Pressure: Upward force in transport tubes due to water entering roots.
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Conditions Affecting Transpiration: Transpiration rate is temperature-dependent.
Cell Tonicity and Osmosis
- Hypotonic Solution: Water moves into the cell, causing swelling (turgidity).
- Hypertonic Solution: Water moves out of the cell, causing shrinking (plasmolysis).
Phloem Transport (Pressure Flow Theory)
- Source: Site of sugar production (leaves).
- Sink: Site of sugar storage or use.
- Mechanism: Pressure differences push sugars through phloem tissue
- Active transport loads sugars into phloem.
- Water moves in by osmosis.
- Pressure builds up, forcing sugar to move toward sinks.
Plant Responses to Stimuli
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Tropism: A plant's response to a stimulus.
- Positive tropism: Movement toward a stimulus.
- Negative tropism: Movement away from a stimulus.
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Phototropism: Growth response to light, stems exhibit positive phototropism, roots negative phototropism.
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Gravitropism: Growth response to gravity, roots exhibit positive gravitropism, stems negative gravitropism.
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Auxin: A plant hormone that influences growth, especially involved in phototropism and other responses.
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Mechanisms that indicate direction: Starch granules in roots and shoots are thought to give plants clues regarding gravity and other environmental factors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of plant cells, including cell hierarchy, and the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms. Explore various plant organ systems and their specialized functions, focusing on the shoot and root systems along with their tissue types.
