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Questions and Answers
What is the result of the Law of Segregation during gamete formation?
What is the role of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the process of creating a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA template?
What is the characteristic of semiconservative replication?
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What is the primary function of the C3, C4, and CAM pathways?
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What is the primary function of auxins in plant growth and development?
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Which plant hormone is involved in promoting stem elongation and cell growth?
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What is the role of cytokinins in plant development?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of ethylene in plant development?
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What is the term for the movement of water into or out of a plant cell based on solute concentration?
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Study Notes
Genetics
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
- Law of Segregation: Each pair of alleles separates from each other during gamete formation, resulting in each offspring inheriting one allele.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different genes are sorted independently of each other during gamete formation.
- Law of Dominance: One allele can be dominant over another allele, resulting in the dominant allele being expressed in the phenotype.
DNA Structure and Replication
- Double Helix Model: DNA is composed of two complementary strands twisted together with sugar and phosphate molecules.
- Replication: DNA replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle, resulting in two identical copies of DNA.
- Semiconservative Replication: Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.
Gene Expression
- Transcription: The process of creating a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA template.
- Translation: The process of building a protein from an RNA molecule.
- Gene Regulation: The control of gene expression, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.
Plant Physiology
Photosynthesis
- Light-Dependent Reactions: Light energy is used to generate ATP and NADPH.
- Light-Independent Reactions: Carbon fixation occurs, resulting in the production of glucose.
- C3, C4, and CAM Pathways: Different pathways for carbon fixation, adapted to different environmental conditions.
Plant Water Relations
- Osmosis: The movement of water into or out of a plant cell based on solute concentration.
- Transpiration: The loss of water through the plant, driven by evaporation from the leaves.
- Root Pressure: The pressure exerted by roots to push water up the plant.
Plant Nutrition
- Macronutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, essential for plant growth and development.
- Micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B, also essential for plant growth and development.
Plant Hormones
Auxins
- Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA): The most common auxin, involved in cell elongation and cell division.
- Apical Dominance: Auxins promote the growth of the apical meristem, suppressing the growth of lateral buds.
- Root Development: Auxins promote root growth and differentiation.
Gibberellins
- Stem Elongation: Gibberellins promote cell elongation and stem growth.
- Seed Germination: Gibberellins stimulate seed germination.
Cytokinins
- Cell Division: Cytokinins promote cell division and differentiation.
- Root Development: Cytokinins promote root growth and differentiation.
Ethylene
- Fruit Ripening: Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and senescence.
- Abscission: Ethylene promotes the abscission of leaves and flowers.
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Description
Test your knowledge of plant biology and genetics, covering topics such as Mendel's laws, DNA structure, gene expression, photosynthesis, plant hormones, and more.
