Biology Overview: Proteins, Genetics, and Plants

Questions and Answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Nucleus

Lysosome

Ribosome (correct)

Mitochondrion

Why is yeast used to make bread rise?

Yeast carries out fermentation, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

Meiosis creates sex cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell while mitosis creates cells that are exact copies.

What can be altered?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is single stranded?

RNA Signup and view all the answers

What contains uracil?

RNA Signup and view all the answers

What codes for proteins?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of offspring is predicted to be carriers but not manifest the disease in cystic fibrosis?

50 percent Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

It will swell and probably burst. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of phloem tissue in plant stems?

It conducts food throughout the plant. Signup and view all the answers

What can physical factors such as temperature and pH affect?

Enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a plant's reproductive system is of a different gender?

Stamen Signup and view all the answers

What kind of symbiosis exists between a pneumonia bacterium and a human?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

What does the scientific name for a house cat, Felis catus, indicate?

Genus/Felis and Species/catus Signup and view all the answers

Beeswax is an example of what kind of molecule?

Lipid Signup and view all the answers

What takes place in a lysosome?

Food is digested. Signup and view all the answers

Which organism reproduces via binary fission?

Salmonella Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of cell division do the chromosomes replicate?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

In a strand of DNA, adenine pairs with?

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What is the predicted ratio of offspring with hemophilia from a male with hemophilia and a female carrier?

1 female: 0 male Signup and view all the answers

What process is represented by the formula 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the students' measurements with values of 5.14g, 5.16g, and 5.17g if the known mass is 5.30g?

Precise Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy pyramid?

Producers > primary consumers > secondary consumers > decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a step in the water cycle?

Nitrification Signup and view all the answers

Why do we perceive chlorophyll as green?

It fails to absorb green light. Signup and view all the answers

Why are bacteria and blue-green algae often classified together?

Both are prokaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule contains glucose?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What conducts water up through the stem of a plant?

Xylem Signup and view all the answers

What are the female parts of a plant?

Pistil, Stigma, Style Signup and view all the answers

What are vascular plants whose seeds have no protective covering?

Gymnosperms Signup and view all the answers

How do organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis function?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What are infectious organisms that spread disease?

Pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is the site of energy production?

Mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose during glycolysis?

It splits into molecules of pyruvic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What process do cells in the tip of a plant's roots undergo to increase in number?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

How do RNA and DNA derive their names?

From the sugar each contains. Signup and view all the answers

What is the predicted percentage of disease-free offspring if a disease is carried on the dominant allele?

25% Signup and view all the answers

If bacteria are placed in a strong solution of salt water, what is this process called?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Which animal has an open transport system?

Grasshopper Signup and view all the answers

How does an enzyme work on a chemical reaction?

An enzyme speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the ovary located in a flowering plant?

Pistil Signup and view all the answers

What is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What gives the order of four taxonomic categories from least to most specific?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

Carbohydrates and Lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found in protists but not in monerans?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

How does yeast reproduce?

Budding Signup and view all the answers

What takes place during anaphase?

Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the spindle. Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA composed of?

Deoxyribose, nitrogen base, and phosphate group. Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

ATP, carbon dioxide, NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the Krebs or citric acid cycle the third step of?

Carbohydrate catabolism Signup and view all the answers

Whose efficiency of energy is greater on the energy pyramid?

Herbivore Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of decomposition in the carbon cycle?

To release carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

Which light color would be most effective for growing green plants indoors?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are spherical in shape?

Cocci Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the breakdown of glycogen into glucose subunits?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle provides storage space for the cell?

Vacuoles Signup and view all the answers

What is a byproduct of fermentation in muscle cells?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of mitosis do new nuclear membranes form around sets of chromosomes?

Telophase Signup and view all the answers

Which names a final step in protein synthesis?

Amino acid bonds Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of protein synthesis?

Coded info from DNA is translated into a finished protein. Signup and view all the answers

What natural process prevents foods with high salt content from spoiling?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for active transport through a membrane to take place?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes made from?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a gymnosperm?

Red cedar Signup and view all the answers

What is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What classification does Dogs belong to in the animal group Carnivora?

Order Signup and view all the answers

What are saturated fats saturated with?

Hydrogen atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

Centriole Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of reproduction when ocean waves tear sponges into pieces?

Fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs for a total of 46 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to messenger RNA as it reaches the cytoplasm?

It attaches to a ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

What are the raw materials needed for cellular respiration?

ADP, phosphate, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which would have the least energy efficiency in nutrient consumption: cow, caterpillar, coyote, or cricket?

Coyote Signup and view all the answers

How do green plants use nitrates in the nitrogen cycle?

To synthesize proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which color of light is least effective at driving photosynthesis?

Green Signup and view all the answers

What might be described as a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to triglycerides, phospholipids lack what component?

Fatty acid Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is the phase where DNA is replicated?

S Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the growth phase?

G1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the second growth phase where division occurs?

G2 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protein Synthesis and Cellular Functions

Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil, unlike DNA.
The process of glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvic acid.

Reproduction and Genetic Principles

Meiosis produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes, while mitosis creates identical daughter cells.
Hemophilia, a sex-linked trait, shows a predicted ratio of offspring with the disease based on parent genotypes.
Plants have distinct male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive organs.

Plant Biology and Nutrition

Phloem conducts food through plant stems, while xylem carries water up the plant.
Photosynthesis can be represented by the equation 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The role of decomposition in the carbon cycle is to release carbon dioxide back into the environment.

Taxonomy and Classification

The scientific name of organisms includes genus and species classifications, e.g., Felis catus for house cats.
Organisms are classified into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species.

Enzyme Functionality

Enzyme activity is influenced by physical factors such as temperature and pH, affecting their shape and functioning.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Cell Division and Processes

Interphase is the active phase of cell division where chromosomes replicate.
Anaphase is when chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
The S phase is characterized by DNA replication.

Cellular Structures and Organelles

Mitochondria serve as the site of energy production in cells, while vacuoles provide storage.
The Golgi apparatus is found in protists but not in monerans.
Lysosomes digest food and break down waste using digestive enzymes.

Energy and Nutrient Cycles

The energy pyramid illustrates relationships between producers and consumers.
Gymnosperms have seeds without protective coverings; examples include red cedar and coniferous trees.
Nitrogen in the soil is utilized by green plants to synthesize proteins.

Membrane Transport and Osmosis

Active transport requires ATP to move substances across membranes, while osmosis involves the movement of water across semi-permeable membranes.
Water concentration affects cell behavior, as seen in hypotonic solutions leading to cell swelling.

Symbiotic Relationships

In symbiosis, mutualism benefits both organisms, while commensalism benefits one without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one at the expense of the other.
Bacteria and blue-green algae are classified together as prokaryotes.

Light Absorption and Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll reflects green light, absorbing primarily blue and red light for photosynthesis.
The least effective light color for photosynthesis is green.
Light is necessary for photosynthesis, and blue light is most effective for growing plants indoors.

Evolution and Ecosystem Dynamics

Fragmentation allows sponges to reproduce asexually when torn into pieces, each developing into a new organism.
Pathogens are infectious organisms that spread disease.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology, including protein synthesis, reproductive processes, plant biology, and taxonomy. Test your understanding of how these topics interconnect and their roles in living organisms.