CLASS 7 BIOLOGY : KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is true for Bryophyta?

  • They do not have any type of roots.
  • They have true roots, stems, and leaves.
  • They produce seeds and flowers.
  • They have root-like structures known as rhizoids. (correct)

    • What is a distinguishing feature of Pteridophyta?

  • They produce flowers.
  • They lack chlorophyll.
  • They have seeds enclosed in fruits.
  • They have well-formed leaves, stems, and roots. (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about Fungi is correct?

  • Fungi can synthesize their food from sunlight.
  • Fungi possess chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
  • Fungi are primarily aquatic organisms.
  • Fungi have bodies composed of thread-like structures called hyphae. (correct)

    • What type of nutrition do Monocots exhibit?

    <p>Autotrophic nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of Gymnosperm?

    <p>Pine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is found in the root nodules of leguminous plants?

    <p>Rhizobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes algae?

    <p>They contain chlorophyll and are autotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true concerning the leaves of Dicot plants?

    <p>They show reticulate venation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the mass of hyphae that forms an individual fungus?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most fungi obtain their nutrition?

    <p>By absorption from dead organic matter or living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chitin in fungi?

    <p>Providing structure to the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known for reproducing primarily by budding?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the fungus in a lichen?

    <p>To provide shelter and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a harmful effect of fungi?

    <p>Causing diseases in crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fungi is primarily responsible for producing penicillin?

    <p>Penicillium notatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reserve food material in fungi?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do bread moulds primarily use for reproduction?

    <p>Spore formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is used in the fermentation of sugars in wine and beer production?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a symbiotic relationship involving fungi?

    <p>Lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows saprophytic fungi to break down dead materials?

    <p>Secretion of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding yeast to uncooked dough?

    <p>It ferments the sugars producing carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Bryophytes is true?

    <p>They require water for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the two kingdom classification system was deemed inadequate?

    <p>Viruses could not be classified within it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is used to separate the five kingdoms in Whittaker's classification?

    <p>Cell structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is known to be spiral-shaped?

    <p>Spirilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Kingdom Monera?

    <p>Presence of a defined nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by a bacterium?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What incorrect characteristic is associated with Euglena?

    <p>It always lives in soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdom includes organisms that lack chlorophyll?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of nutrition for most bacteria?

    <p>Both autotrophic and heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form do bacteria store food material?

    <p>As glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

    <p>Viruses depend on a host's metabolic machinery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group would NOT typically be included in the Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Green algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the members of the Kingdom Animalia?

    <p>They are multicellular heterotrophs that usually move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs correctly matches a disease with its causative bacterium?

    <p>Pneumonia - Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bacteria play in the decomposition of organic matter?

    <p>They break down complex tissues into simpler substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT associated with useful bacteria?

    <p>Photosynthesis in Green Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is used in the production of vinegar?

    <p>Acetobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which Amoeba captures its food?

    <p>Engulfing food with pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria contribute to agriculture?

    <p>By fixing nitrogen in legume plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of nutrition for organisms in the Kingdom Protista?

    <p>Autotrophic and heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Amoeba's form of locomotion is correct?

    <p>Movement involves flow of cytoplasm into pseudopodia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the slender tube-like structures that make up multicellular fungi called?

    <p>Hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excretion occur in Amoeba?

    <p>By diffusion through the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do bacteria aid in the process of tanning leather?

    <p>By preventing decay and decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of reproduction occurs in Amoeba when environmental conditions are favorable?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of organisms belong to the Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Both unicellular and multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas exchanged by Amoeba during respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method used by bacteria in nitrogen fixation?

    <p>Symbiotic relationship with plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to echinoderms?

    <p>Rough and spiny body structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Pisces group?

    <p>Cold-blooded and breathe through gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amphibians is correct?

    <p>They lay eggs in water and have moist skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reptiles?

    <p>Breathe through moist skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mammals from other vertebrate classes?

    <p>They possess mammary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is an example of an amphibian?

    <p>Frog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group do animals with feathers belong?

    <p>Aves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?

    <p>They can be divided into five distinct groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction is primarily associated with fungi like Rhizopus and Mucor?

    <p>Spore formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a streamlined body?

    <p>Narrow at both front and back to reduce resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant body do green algae possess?

    <p>Thallus, non-differentiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants has a well-differentiated plant body but does not produce seeds?

    <p>Pteridophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants produces naked seeds?

    <p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Seeds contain two seed leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animal does not possess a backbone?

    <p>Sponges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum do segmented worms belong to?

    <p>Annelida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of arthropods?

    <p>Jointed legs and exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these animals is classified as a vertebrate?

    <p>Shark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is found in the phylum Nematoda?

    <p>Roundworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants includes examples like guava and tomato?

    <p>Angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the body structure of Porifera?

    <p>Porous with a large opening on top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of amphibians?

    <p>Metamorphosis from larva to adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the class Mammalia?

    <p>Hair or fur present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of invertebrate?

    <p>Frog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants which do not have roots, stem, and leaves are known as ______.

    <p>Algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body of fungi is composed of thread-like structures called ______.

    <p>hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants that have a single cotyledon are classified as ______.

    <p>Monocot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A distinguishing feature of Bryophyta is their presence of ______ instead of true roots.

    <p>rhizoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gymnosperms bear seeds that are not enclosed in ______.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bacteria found in root nodules of leguminous plants that aid in nitrogen fixation is called ______.

    <p>Rhizobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two characteristics of Pteridophyta are they have well-formed leaves, stems and roots, and they do not produce ______.

    <p>flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a Dicot would be ______.

    <p>Pea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969 included ___ kingdoms.

    <p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are classified under the kingdom ___ because they are prokaryotic organisms.

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shape of Vibrio bacteria is described as ___-shaped.

    <p>comma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryophytes are often referred to as the ___ of the plant kingdom due to their water dependency for reproduction.

    <p>amphibians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglena can perform photosynthesis because it contains ___.

    <p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi lack ___, which distinguishes them from plants.

    <p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the bacterial cell, the genetic material is called ___.

    <p>nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which bacteria can reproduce asexually is called ___.

    <p>binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some harmful bacteria like Salmonella can cause severe ___ diseases.

    <p>digestive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kingdom that includes algae, protozoa, and diatoms is called ___.

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi obtain their nutrients through a process called ___ nutrition.

    <p>heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary body organization of organisms in kingdom Monera is ___-cellular.

    <p>unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria can exhibit two modes of nutrition: autotrophic and ___.

    <p>heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are often considered to be on the borderline of living and ___ organisms.

    <p>non-living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two kingdom classification system was found inadequate due to the classification of ___ organisms.

    <p>disputed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mass of hyphae that forms an individual is called the ______.

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are heterotrophic and obtain their food either saprophytically or ______.

    <p>parasitically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell wall of fungi is primarily composed of a tough sugar called ______.

    <p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reserve food material in fungi is ______.

    <p>glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeasts are single-celled fungi scientifically known as ______.

    <p>Saccharomyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillium notatum produces an antibiotic known as ______.

    <p>penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reproduction in fungi can occur through ______ formation, which is a common method.

    <p>spore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bread mould primarily reproduces by ______.

    <p>spore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cottony growth of bread mould is composed of thread-like structures called ______.

    <p>hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body of echinoderms is rough and ______.

    <p>spiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lichen, the algae provide ______ through photosynthesis.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria play an important role in the ______ processes of animals.

    <p>digestive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some harmful fungi cause diseases in ______.

    <p>crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The animals in the group ______ have a streamlined body and breathe through gills.

    <p>Pisces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeast helps in the fermentation of sugars into alcohol and ______.

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians can live both in water and on ______.

    <p>land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of making curd involves the action of ______ bacteria.

    <p>Lactobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeba moves using extensions called ______.

    <p>pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reptiles are covered with ______.

    <p>scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi contribute to nutrient recycling in the soil by breaking down ______.

    <p>dead material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are classified as ______ organisms due to their lack of chlorophyll.

    <p>non-green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common asexual reproduction method in yeast is ______.

    <p>budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aves are warm-blooded animals, also known as ______.

    <p>birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammals possess mammary glands which help in ______ their young.

    <p>nourishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The food of Amoeba consists of bacteria, small algae, and other small ______.

    <p>organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cold-blooded animals cannot maintain a constant internal body ______.

    <p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaerobic bacteria help in producing ______ from the manure of cattle.

    <p>methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the method of asexual reproduction commonly seen in fungi.

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In binary fission, Amoeba begins reproduction by dividing its single ______.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are known as ______ because they break down dead organic matter.

    <p>decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The backbone is made up of small bones called ______.

    <p>vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are made up of slender tube-like structures called ______.

    <p>hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echinoderms exhibit a ______ symmetrical body plan.

    <p>radial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During excretion, excess water in Amoeba is collected in the ______ vacuole.

    <p>contractile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transformation of ethyl alcohol into acetic acid is achieved by ______ bacteria.

    <p>aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeba captures its food by engulfing it using its ______.

    <p>pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria contribute to the process of nitrogen fixation in the ______ of legume plants.

    <p>nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formation of a food vacuole in Amoeba happens when pseudopodia ______ together.

    <p>fuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mode of nutrition for protists can either be ______ or heterotrophic.

    <p>autotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plant body of green algae is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaves; such a structure is called a ______.

    <p>thallus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryophytes are green plants found in moist, shady places and have ______ and leaves, but no roots.

    <p>stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gymnosperms bear seeds that are not enclosed in ______.

    <p>fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiosperms are plants that bear seeds which are enclosed inside ______.

    <p>fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals which do not have a backbone are called ______.

    <p>invertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest group of invertebrates is ______.

    <p>insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals with a backbone belong to the category of ______.

    <p>vertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sponges belong to the phylum ______, which are characterized by having pores all over their body.

    <p>Porifera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body of coelenterates is bag-shaped with a single opening called the ______.

    <p>mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flatworms belong to the phylum ______, which are known for their parasitic lifestyle.

    <p>Platyhelminthes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nematoda, also called roundworms, have their body structure described as being ______ and cylindrical.

    <p>narrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phylum ______ includes animals that possess jointed legs and an exoskeleton.

    <p>Arthropoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mollusca are known as ______-bodied animals, which include snails and octopuses.

    <p>soft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of vertebrates include ______, frogs, and mammals.

    <p>fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Algae have chlorophyll and are considered heterotrophs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryophyta are the amphibians of the plant kingdom.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gymnosperms are characterized by the presence of flowers and fruits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are autotrophic organisms that synthesize their own food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pteridophyta produce flowers and seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bacteria found in root nodules of leguminous plants are known as Bacillus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Algae are typically terrestrial organisms found mostly on land.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dicots have seeds with a single cotyledon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria play no role in the decomposition of dead organic matter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeba can move using whip-like flagella.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are involved in the production of antibiotics such as streptomycin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of producing vinegar involves anaerobic bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary digestive process in Amoeba involves forming a food vacuole.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeba reproduces only through binary fission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legume plants use bacteria in their root nodules for nitrogen fixation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are primarily photosynthetic organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria can aid in the curing of various food products.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeba uses diffusion for gas exchange.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial breakdown of organic waste contributes to soil fertility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only multicellular organisms can carry out respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterotrophic protists primarily obtain nutrition through photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pseudopodia of Amoeba assist in both movement and capturing prey.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spirillum bacteria are shaped like rods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglena is classified as a protozoan and has features of both plants and animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are considered fully living organisms because they have cellular structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kingdom Monera includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms like bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Green algae are unicellular organisms that do not contain chlorophyll.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All members of kingdom Plantae can photosynthesize due to the presence of chlorophyll.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryophytes possess true roots, stems, and leaves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The five kingdom classification was proposed by Charles Darwin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pteridophytes reproduce by producing seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gymnosperms have seeds that are enclosed within fruits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi derive nutrition mainly from living hosts and do not have a cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycoplasma is a type of bacteria that lacks a cell wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiosperms are characterized by having seeds enclosed within fruits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacilli refers to spherical-shaped bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Invertebrates are defined as animals with a backbone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification of viruses does not fit in traditional kingdoms due to their unique characteristics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coelenterata are examples of segmented worms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mollusca are soft-bodied animals that do not possess a hard outer shell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher algae, mosses, and ferns are all classified under kingdom Animalia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two kingdom classification system was fully adequate for all organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echinodermata are characterized by having a spiny skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annelida are known for their unsegmented bodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholera is caused by bacteria known as E. coli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pisces refers to amphibians in the classification of animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arthropoda possess jointed legs and an exoskeleton.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nematoda are known for their segmented body structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vertebrates are categorized as animals lacking a backbone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'cotyledon' refers to the food-storing structure in seeds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mass of hyphae that forms an individual fungus is called mycelium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are autotrophic and can photosynthesize their food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeasts belong to the genus Saccharomyces and are unicellular.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell wall of fungi is primarily composed of cellulose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi reproduce solely through asexual means such as budding and spore formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillin is an antibiotic derived from the fungus Aspergillus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi play a crucial role in the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary mode of respiration for bread mould is anaerobic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lichens are an example of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a blue-green alga.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspergillus is primarily known for its harmful effects on food and textiles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of fermentation by yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi like the bread mould Rhizopus thrive on living tissues as parasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeast can be stored in dry form for several years without losing viability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some fungi, such as Amanita, are known to be safe and edible for human consumption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bread-making, yeast helps to make the dough fluffy by producing oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body of echinoderms is generally smooth and cylindrical.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammals are cold-blooded animals that lay eggs in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds, such as sparrows and penguins, possess wings and are warm-blooded.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The backbone in vertebrates is made up of small bones called vertebrae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians are known for living exclusively on land.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reptiles have bodies covered with scales and are capable of regulating their body temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pisces breathe through gills and are typically covered by scales.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method of reproduction in common bread moulds is primarily binary fission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echinoderms exhibit bilateral symmetry in their body structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The streamlined body shape helps fish to swim efficiently.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common habitat for Algae?

    <p>Aquatic environments, including both fresh and marine water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the body structure of Fungi.

    <p>Fungi are composed of thread-like structures called hyphae, forming a mycelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of seeds do Dicot plants have?

    <p>Dicot plants have seeds with two cotyledons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main requirement of Rhizobium bacteria in their symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants?

    <p>Rhizobium bacteria require shelter from the plant and provide nitrogen in return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular structure do Pteridophyta possess?

    <p>Pteridophyta have well-formed vascular structures, including leaves, stems, and roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Dicot leaves generally differ from Monocot leaves in terms of venation?

    <p>Dicot leaves exhibit reticulate venation, while Monocots have parallel venation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction do Algae typically undergo?

    <p>Algae primarily reproduce asexually, often through cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Gymnosperms?

    <p>Gymnosperms lack flowers and fruits and bear naked seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the cell wall in fungi?

    <p>The cell wall of fungi primarily consists of chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi generally obtain their nutrients?

    <p>Fungi obtain their nutrients either saprophytically from dead organic matter or parasitically from living tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role does the mycelium play in fungi?

    <p>The mycelium serves as the vegetative part of fungi, providing a network of hyphae for nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide?

    <p>The process is called fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction is most common in bread mould?

    <p>Bread mould primarily reproduces by spore formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one beneficial use of yeast in food production.

    <p>Yeast is used to leaven bread, making the dough fluffy through carbon dioxide production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the symbiotic relationship between a lichen's algal and fungal partners?

    <p>The alga makes food via photosynthesis, while the fungus provides shelter and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common condition that can result from parasitic fungi.

    <p>Potato blight and wheat rust are examples of diseases caused by parasitic fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reserve food material found in fungi?

    <p>The reserve food material in fungi is glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do saprophytic fungi contribute to the nutrient cycle?

    <p>They decompose dead organic material, returning nutrients to the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sporangiophores in bread mould?

    <p>Sporangiophores bear sporangia, which contain spores for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of penicillin produced by Penicillium?

    <p>Penicillin is an antibiotic used to fight bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form do many fungi reproduce asexually?

    <p>Many fungi reproduce asexually by forming spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria assist in the digestive process of herbivores?

    <p>Bacteria in the stomach of herbivores help break down cellulose derived from plant cells, aiding digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Lactobacillus bacteria in the production of curd?

    <p>Lactobacillus bacteria convert lactose in milk into lactic acid during curd formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature can destroy yeast cells?

    <p>Yeast cells can be destroyed at a temperature of 60°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how bacteria contribute to the process of nitrogen fixation.

    <p>Bacteria in root nodules of legume plants convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates for plant use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pseudopodia in Amoeba?

    <p>Pseudopodia are used for movement and capturing food by engulfing prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Amoeba reproduce under unfavorable conditions?

    <p>Amoeba undergo multiple fission by forming a thick wall around itself and dividing its nucleus multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water in the life cycle of Bryophytes?

    <p>Water is essential for the reproduction of Bryophytes as they require it for fertilization and to complete their life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of bacteria in the curing process of cheese?

    <p>Bacteria are essential for fermentation and putrefaction, which develop the flavor of cheese.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one major limitation of the Two Kingdom Classification system.

    <p>The Two Kingdom Classification system was limited because it could not adequately classify organisms like Euglena, which have characteristics of both plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Five Kingdom Classification take into account?

    <p>The Five Kingdom Classification considers cell structure, mode of nutrition, and body organization to classify organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do bacteria help in the production of methane fuel?

    <p>Anaerobic bacteria break down manure to generate methane gas, which is a valuable fuel source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic that differentiates Monera from the other kingdoms.

    <p>Monera includes prokaryotic organisms, which lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which Amoeba excretes waste?

    <p>Amoeba excretes waste through the cell membrane via diffusion and the contractile vacuole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the major role of fungi in ecosystems.

    <p>Fungi decompose organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition do Fungi primarily exhibit?

    <p>Fungi primarily exhibit heterotrophic nutrition, deriving nutrients from dead organic matter or living hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of bacterial shapes?

    <p>The four types of bacterial shapes are bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical), spirilla (spiral), and vibrio (comma-shaped).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do diatoms contribute to the ecosystem as protists?

    <p>Diatoms are autotrophic protists that conduct photosynthesis, producing oxygen and serving as a food source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of aerobic bacteria in vinegar production.

    <p>Aerobic bacteria, like Acetobacter, convert ethyl alcohol into acetic acid, producing vinegar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria spoil food items?

    <p>Bacteria spoil food items through processes like fermentation and decomposition, causing visible changes and bad odors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in Amoeba allows it to move and capture prey?

    <p>Amoeba uses pseudopodia, which are extensions of its cytoplasm for movement and food capture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nuclear material in bacteria called?

    <p>The nuclear material in bacteria is called the nucleoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nutritional mode of protists in Kingdom Protista?

    <p>Protists exhibit either autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition, depending on the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the kingdom that includes multicellular autotrophs.

    <p>The kingdom Plantae includes multicellular autotrophs, such as higher algae, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the significance of fungi in antibiotic production.

    <p>Fungi are used to produce antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline, which combat bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of kingdom Protista?

    <p>Kingdom Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes, such as algae and protozoa, that may exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for lacking a cell wall?

    <p>Mycoplasma is known for lacking a cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria contribute to the leather tanning process?

    <p>Bacteria are involved in tanning, which prevents leather from decaying and ensures its durability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bacteria play in agriculture?

    <p>Bacteria contribute to agriculture by aiding in nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, and decomposing organic matter in the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas exchanged by Amoeba during respiration?

    <p>The primary gas exchanged by Amoeba during respiration is oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the characteristics of Euglena challenge the Two Kingdom Classification?

    <p>Euglena has characteristics of both plants, such as chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and animals, as it can ingest food in dark conditions, complicating its classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant body characteristic defines green algae in the Kingdom Plantae?

    <p>Green algae have a plant body called thallus, which is not differentiated into root, stem, or leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bryophytes anchor themselves and absorb necessary nutrients?

    <p>Bryophytes use root-like structures called rhizoids to anchor themselves and absorb water and minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that differentiates pteridophytes from bryophytes?

    <p>Pteridophytes have a well-differentiated plant body with root, stem, and leaves, whereas bryophytes do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms in terms of their seeds?

    <p>Gymnosperms bear naked seeds that are not enclosed in fruits, while angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed within fruits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cotyledons play in the classification of angiosperms?

    <p>Cotyledons are the seed leaves that provide nourishment to the plant embryo and classify angiosperms as either dicotyledons or monocotyledons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of members belonging to the phylum Porifera?

    <p>Members of Porifera, like sponges, are porous animals that have a body full of pores and are typically sessile, meaning they do not move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a unique feature of coelenterates.

    <p>Coelenterates have a hollow sac-like body structure with only one opening, the mouth, surrounded by tentacles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates flatworms from roundworms in terms of body structure?

    <p>Flatworms have a flattened, ribbon-like body, while roundworms have a cylindrical, elongated body shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do annelids perform locomotion?

    <p>Annelids, like earthworms, have a segmented body and use lateral appendages called setae or parapodia for locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of arthropods?

    <p>Arthropods possess jointed legs, segmented bodies divided into head, thorax, and abdomen, and an exoskeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common traits are seen in mollusks?

    <p>Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that often have a hard shell and a distinct muscular foot for movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of vascular tissue in the plant kingdom?

    <p>Vascular tissue is critical for the transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant, enabling larger body structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do angiosperms contribute to biodiversity?

    <p>Angiosperms enhance biodiversity by producing a wide variety of fruits and seeds that support various ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes vertebrates from invertebrates?

    <p>Vertebrates have a backbone made of vertebrae, while invertebrates lack a backbone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amphibians adapted to life both in water and on land?

    <p>Amphibians have moist skin for respiration and typically go through an aquatic larval stage before adapting to terrestrial life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of vertebrates?

    <p>Vertebrates have a backbone made up of small bones called vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do echinoderms primarily differ in symmetry compared to mollusks?

    <p>Echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry, while mollusks are usually bilaterally symmetrical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiratory system do amphibians utilize?

    <p>Amphibians breathe through lungs and their moist skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the significance of the hard shell found in mollusks.

    <p>The hard shell serves as an exoskeleton, providing protection and support for the soft body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the body covering of reptiles and its function.

    <p>Reptiles have bodies covered with scales, which help prevent water loss and provide protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary modes of locomotion for both mollusks and echinoderms?

    <p>Mollusks primarily use their muscular foot for locomotion, while echinoderms utilize tube feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a common feature among all mammals.

    <p>Mammals are warm-blooded and have mammary glands that produce milk for their young.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of cold-blooded animals?

    <p>Cold-blooded animals do not maintain a constant internal body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fish adapt their bodies for swimming?

    <p>Fish have streamlined bodies and fins, which reduce resistance and aid in propulsion through water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do amphibiotic organisms generally require for their reproductive process?

    <p>Amphibiotic organisms generally lay eggs in water for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Kingdoms

    • Algae are aquatic, contain chlorophyll, and are autotrophs. Example: Spirogyra
    • Bryophyta lack roots, but have stems and leaves. They have root-like structures called rhizoids. Example: Moss
    • Pteridophyta have well-formed leaves, stems, and roots. They produce spores, not flowers or seeds. Example: Fern
    • Gymnosperms lack flowers and fruits but bear naked seeds. Example: Pine

    Fungi Kingdom

    • Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms.
    • Most are multicellular with thread-like structures called hyphae, forming a network called mycelium.
    • Fungi obtain nutrition through saprophytism (decomposing dead matter) or parasitism (living on other organisms).
    • The cell wall is composed of chitin.
    • Example: Agaricus (Mushroom)

    Monocot Plants

    • Seeds have a single cotyledon
    • Leaves exhibit parallel venation
    • Roots are fibrous
    • Example: Maize

    Dicot Plants

    • Seeds have two cotyledons
    • Leaves exhibit reticulate venation
    • Roots have a tap root system
    • Example: Pea

    Kingdom Monera

    • Includes bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), and mycoplasma.
    • These organisms are prokaryotic lacking a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Some have cell walls (like bacteria and blue-green algae), but mycoplasma lack cell walls.
    • Nutrition modes include autotrophic (blue-green algae and some bacteria) and heterotrophic (mycoplasma and most bacteria).

    Bacteria

    • Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms without chlorophyll.
    • Cell structure includes a cell wall, a proteinaceous capsule, a nucleoid (genetic material), and lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and plastids.
    • Bacteria store food as glycogen.
    Types based on shape:
    • Bacilli: Rod-shaped
    • Cocci: Spherical
    • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped
    • Vibrio: Comma-shaped
    Harmful Bacteria
    • Cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, pneumonia, and tuberculosis in humans.
    • Spoil food items like meat.
    • Spoil milk if not boiled and stored correctly.
    Useful Bacteria
    • Act as decomposers breaking down dead plants and animals.
    • Help in digestion by breaking down food and producing vitamins B and K in the human intestine.
    • Used in industries for curing cheese, tobacco, and tea.
    • Production of vinegar, curd, and fuel (methane from manure).
    • Tanning of leather.
    • Retting of fibers.
    • Manufacture of antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline.
    • Nitrogen fixation in legume plants.

    Kingdom Protista

    • Includes unicellular, eukaryotic organisms like algae, diatoms, and protozoans.
    • Have a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
    • Nutrition is either autotrophic (algae and diatoms) or heterotrophic (protozoans).
    • Some possess cilia or flagella for movement, while others use pseudopodia.

    Amoeba

    • Single-celled eukaryotic organism, microscopic and irregular in shape.
    • Has a cell membrane, nucleus, pseudopodia for movement and capturing food, and a contractile vacuole for excretion.
    • Nutrition: Engulfs food with pseudopodia, digests in food vacuoles, and absorbs nutrients.
    • Excretion: Expels undigested food through the cell membrane, and excess water and wastes through the contractile vacuole.
    • Respiration: Gas exchange through diffusion across the cell membrane.
    • Locomotion: Amoeboid movement using pseudopodia.
    • Reproduction: Through binary fission (dividing into two) or multiple fission (dividing into many) under unfavorable conditions.

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Eukaryotic organisms lacking chlorophyll.
    • Range from unicellular (e.g., yeast) to multicellular (Penicillium, Aspergillus, mushrooms).
    • Multicellular forms consist of hyphae, forming a mycelium (network of hyphae).
    • Heterotrophic in nutrition, obtaining food through saprophytism or parasitism.
    • Cell wall composed of chitin, and store food as glycogen.

    Yeast

    • Single-celled, saprophytic fungus.
    • Used in fermentation (beer, wine, bread).
    • Reproduces through budding and sometimes sexually.

    Bread Mold

    • Multicellular fungus with hyphae, forming a mycelium.
    • Has rhizoids (downward-growing hyphae) and sporangiophores (upward-growing hyphae bearing sporangia (spore-containing structures).
    • Saprophytic, feeding on dead organic matter.
    • Respiration is aerobic.
    Harmful Fungi
    • Damage food products, paper, leather, paint, and textiles.
    • Cause diseases in crops, humans, and animals.
    • Some mushrooms (toadstools) are poisonous.
    Useful Fungi
    • Some mushrooms are edible.
    • Yeast provides essential amino acids and protein.
    • Produce antibiotics like penicillin.
    • Citric acid production for soft drinks.
    • Used in bread making and fermentation of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide (wines and beers).

    Two Kingdom Classification

    • Linnaeus and other scientists initially classified organisms into two kingdoms: Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals).
    • This system had anomalies like Euglena (with features of both plants and animals) and fungi (possessing cell walls but no chloroplasts).

    Five Kingdom Classification

    • Proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969) based on cell structure (prokaryotic/eukaryotic), nutrition (autotrophic/heterotrophic), and body organization (unicellular/multicellular).
    • The five kingdoms include:
      • Monera: Prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and blue-green algae.
      • Protista: Unicellular eukaryotes like algae, protozoans, and diatoms.
      • Fungi: Primarily multicellular, non-green heterotrophs (with some unicellular exceptions).
      • Plantae: Multicellular, green autotrophs.
      • Animalia: Multicellular, heterotrophic animals lacking cell walls, typically exhibiting movement.

    Advantages of Classification

    • Simplifies the study of living organisms.
    • Facilitates easy identification of organisms.
    • Helps in grouping organisms based on similarities.
    • Provides insight into relationships between organisms.
    • Helps trace the evolution of organisms from simpler to complex forms.

    Fungi

    • Saprophytic fungi decompose dead organic material for nourishment.
    • They return nutrients to the soil, aiding plant growth.
    • Examples include Aspergillus and Penicillium, used in cheese production.

    ### Kingdom Plantae

    • Includes multicellular, eukaryotic, and green autotrophic organisms.
    • Classification based on body differentiation, vascular tissues, seeds, and fruit enclosure.

    Thallophytes (Green Algae)

    • Aquatic, green unicellular or multicellular organisms.
    • Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
    • Lack differentiated body parts like roots, stems, and leaves.
    • Example: Chlamydomonas (unicellular), Spirogyra (filamentous), Laminaria (brown algae), Porphyra (red algae).

    Bryophyta

    • Green plants found in moist, shady environments.
    • Possess stem and leaves, but no true roots.
    • Root-like structures called rhizoids absorb water and minerals.
    • Examples: Liverworts and Mosses.

    Pteridophyta

    • Green plants found in cool, shady terrestrial areas.
    • Have roots, stems, and leaves.
    • Do not produce flowers or seeds.
    • Examples: Ferns, Horsetails, and Water fern.

    Gymnosperms

    • Produce seeds that are not enclosed in fruits.
    • Evergreen, meaning they don't shed leaves.
    • Examples: Cycas and Pinus.

    Angiosperms

    • Produce seeds that are enclosed inside fruits.
    • Classified into dicotyledons (two seed leaves) and monocotyledons (one seed leaf).
    • Dicotyledons include plants like gram, pea, bean, brinjal, and mango.
    • Monocotyledons include plants like wheat, maize, and rice.

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Divided into invertebrates (lacking a backbone) and vertebrates (possessing a backbone).

    Invertebrates

    • Porifera: Porous animals with pores all over the body. Attached to the sea floor. Examples: Sycon, Leucosolenia
    • Coelenterata: Hollow sac-like animals with a single opening (mouth) surrounded by tentacles. Examples: Hydra, Sea Anemone
    • Platyhelminthes: Flattened, ribbon-like parasitic worms with unsegmented bodies. Examples: Liver fluke, Tapeworm
    • Nematoda: Round worms with narrow cylindrical bodies. Examples: Roundworm, Ascaris
    • Annelida: Segmented worms with bodies composed of rings. They have lateral appendages called setae or parapodia for locomotion. Examples: Earthworm, Leech
    • Arthropoda: Joint-footed animals with segmented bodies (head, thorax, abdomen). They possess a tough exoskeleton and compound eyes. Examples: Butterfly, Cockroach, Crab, Spider, Scorpion, Prawn
    • Mollusca: Soft-bodied animals with a hard, calcium carbonate shell. Examples: Snail, Octopus, Mussel
    • Echinodermata: Spiny-skinned animals with star-shaped or ball-like bodies. Examples: Starfish, Sea Urchin, Brittle Star

    Vertebrates

    • Animals possessing a backbone (vertebral column).
    • Pisces: Aquatic, cold-blooded animals with fins for swimming and gills for breathing. Covered in scales. Examples: Shark, Lamprey, Lung fish, Carp
    • Amphibia: Can live both on land and in water. Cold-blooded. Have moist skin and lack scales. Breathe through lungs and skin. Examples: Frog, Toad
    • Reptiles: Mostly terrestrial, some aquatic. Cold-blooded. Scales cover their bodies. Breathe through lungs. Examples: Lizard, Snake, Crocodile, Tortoise
    • Aves (Birds): Feathered animals. Warm-blooded. Have wings for flight. Hollow bones for lightness. Examples: Pigeon, Ostrich, Peacock, Sparrow, Penguin
    • Mammals: Hairy, warm-blooded animals. Give birth to live young. Possess mammary glands for nourishing their young. Breathe through lungs. Examples: Kangaroo, Bat, Squirrel, Cat, Dog, Lion, Tiger, Rabbit, Whale, Dolphin, Monkey, Human

    Plant Classifications

    • Algae: aquatic, photosynthetic, lack roots, stems, and leaves. Example: Spirogyra.
    • Bryophyta: have stems and leaves but no roots, have rhizoids instead, need water to reproduce, live in moist environments. Example: Moss.
    • Pteridophyta: have well-formed roots, stems, and leaves, reproduce via spores, do not produce flowers or seeds. Example: Fern.
    • Gymnosperm: lack flowers and fruits, bear naked seeds not enclosed in a fruit. Example: Pine.

    Fungi

    • Characteristics: eukaryotic, heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic), lack chlorophyll, have cell walls made of chitin, store glycogen as food. Example: Agaricus (Mushroom).
    • Structure: multicellular fungi consist of hyphae (thread-like structures) which form a mycelium.
    • Reproduction: both sexual and asexual, common methods include spore formation (bread mold), budding (Yeast).

    Bacteria

    • Characteristics: prokaryotic, unicellular, lack chlorophyll, have cell walls (except for Mycoplasma).
    • Structure: have a cell wall surrounded by a capsule, genetic material is called nucleoid, lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and plastids.
    • Types: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (spiral-shaped), vibrio (comma-shaped).
    • Harmful Effects: cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants, spoil food items.
    • Useful Bacteria: act as decomposers, help with digestion, used in various industries (cheese, vinegar, fuel production, tanning, retting), used to produce antibiotics, play a role in nitrogen fixation in legumes (Rhizobium).

    Protista

    • Characteristics: eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic (algae, diatoms) or heterotrophic (protozoa). Some have cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia for movement.
    • Example: Amoeba
      • Structure: single-celled, eukaryotic, irregular shape, covered by a cell membrane, has a nucleus and pseudopodia.
      • Nutrition: heterotrophic, engulfs food through pseudopodia, uses digestive juices to break down food.
      • Excretion: undigested food expelled through cell membrane, excess water and waste removed by contractile vacuole.
      • Respiration: by diffusion through cell membrane.
      • Locomotion: amoeboid movement using pseudopodia.
      • Reproduction: binary fission (asexual) and multiple fission (asexual).

    Kingdoms

    • Two Kingdom Classification: divided living organisms into Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals). This system has limitations due to organisms with mixed characteristics.
    • Five Kingdom Classification (R.H. Whittaker 1969): based on cell structure, mode of nutrition, and body organization.
      • Monera: prokaryotic, single-celled, bacteria (including blue-green algae), Mycoplasma.
      • Protista: eukaryotic, single-celled, diverse organisms like algae, protozoa, diatoms.
      • Fungi: eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular (except yeast), lack chlorophyll.
      • Plantae: eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, have chlorophyll.
      • Animalia: eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, usually exhibit movement, lack cellulose.

    Advantages of Classification

    • Simplifies the study of living organisms.
    • Facilitates easy identification of different organisms.
    • Helps group organisms with similar characteristics.
    • Reveals relationships between different organisms.
    • Helps trace the evolution of organisms from simpler to complex forms.

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Saprophytic fungi break down dead material and return nutrients to the soil, essential for plant growth.
    • Fungi contribute to nutrient recycling in ecosystems.
    • Some fungi, like Aspergillus and Penicillium, are used to add flavor to cheese.

    Kingdom Plantae

    • Includes multicellular, eukaryotic, green, autotrophic organisms.
    • Classified based on:
      • Differentiation of plant body: Presence or absence of distinct parts like root, stem, and leaves.
      • Presence of vascular tissues: Specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport.
      • Presence of seeds: Structures containing the embryo and food reserve.
      • Enclosed seeds: Whether seeds are protected within a fruit.
    • Includes aquatic thallophytes (algae) and terrestrial plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms).

    Green Algae (Thallophytes)

    • Aquatic, green-colored, unicellular or multicellular.
    • Possess chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
    • Lack differentiated root, stem, and leaves, exhibiting a thallus body form.
    • Examples: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Laminaria, Porphyra.

    Bryophyta

    • Green plants found in moist, shady places.
    • Have stem and leaves, but lack roots.
    • Possess root-like structures called rhizoids for water absorption and anchorage.
    • Examples: Liverworts and mosses.

    Pteridophyta

    • Green plants found in cool, shady places.
    • Possess root, stem, and leaves.
    • Lack flowers and seeds.
    • Examples: Ferns, horsetails, and water ferns.

    Gymnosperms

    • Bear seeds not enclosed in fruits (naked seeds).
    • Evergreen, do not shed leaves seasonally.
    • Examples: Cycas and Pinus.

    Angiosperms

    • Bear seeds enclosed within fruits.
    • Found as herbs, shrubs, and trees.
    • Classified into:
      • Dicotyledonous plants: Seeds contain two seed leaves (cotyledons). Examples: gram, pea, bean, brinjal, and mango.
      • Monocotyledonous plants: Seeds contain one seed leaf. Examples: wheat, maize, and rice.

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Divided into two major groups: invertebrates and vertebrates.

    Invertebrates

    • Animals without a backbone or bony skeleton.

    • Includes:

      • Porifera: Porous animals, attached to seabeds, lack movement. Examples: Sycon, Leucosolenia.
      • Coelenterata: Hollow sac-like animals with a single opening (mouth) surrounded by tentacles. Examples: Hydra, sea anemone.
      • Platyhelminthes: Mostly parasitic flatworms with unsegmented bodies. Examples: Liver fluke, tapeworm.
      • Nematoda: Parasitic or free-living roundworms with unsegmented bodies. Examples: Roundworm, Ascaris.
      • Annelida: Segmented worms with soft bodies composed of rings, locomotion through setae or parapodia. Examples: Earthworm, Leech.
      • Arthropoda: Joint-footed animals with segmented bodies (head, thorax, abdomen), tough exoskeleton, compound eyes. Examples: Butterfly, crab, cockroach, spider, scorpion, prawn.
      • Mollusca: Soft-bodied animals with unsegmented bodies, enclosed in a hard calcium carbonate shell. Examples: Mussel, snail, octopus, cuttlefish.
      • Echinodermata: Spiny-skinned animals with star-shaped or ball-like bodies, radially symmetrical, marine. Examples: Starfish, sea urchin, brittle star.

    Vertebrates

    • Animals possessing a backbone (vertebral column).

    • Divided into five groups:

      • Pisces: Aquatic, cold-blooded, streamlined bodies with fins for swimming, breathe through gills, covered in scales. Examples: Shark, lamprey, lungfish, carp.
      • Amphibia: Live both on land and in water, cold-blooded, slimy skin lacking scales, lay eggs in water, breathe through lungs and moist skin. Examples: Frog, toad.
      • Reptiles: Mostly found on land, cold-blooded, covered in scales, breathe through lungs. Examples: Tortoise, lizard, snake, crocodile.
      • Aves: Birds, covered in feathers, warm-blooded, possess wings for flight, streamlined body, hollow bones for lightweight. Examples: Pigeon, ostrich, peacock, sparrow, penguin.
      • Mammals: Hairy, warm-blooded, give birth to live young, possess mammary glands for nourishing young, breathe through lungs. Examples: Kangaroo, bat, squirrel, cat, dog, lion, tiger, rabbit, camel, giraffe, whale, dolphin, monkey, human.

    Classification

    • The process of grouping organisms based on similarities and differences.

    Prokaryotic Organisms

    • Primitive organisms lacking a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Genetic material is not enclosed within a nucleus.
    • Binary fission is the common mode of reproduction.

    Eukaryotic Organisms

    • Possess a true nucleus with a membrane surrounding the genetic material.
    • Contain membrane-bound organelles.

    Fermentation

    • Anaerobic breakdown of sugars by yeast, leading to the production of alcohol.

    Important Concepts

    • Streamlined body: A body shape that is narrow at the front and back, offering minimal resistance during swimming.
    • Cold-blooded: Animals that cannot regulate their internal body temperature.
    • Warm-blooded: Animals that can maintain a constant internal body temperature.

    Plant Kingdom Classification

    • Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic organisms with chlorophyll. They lack roots, stems, and leaves. Example: Spirogyra
    • Bryophyta are non-vascular plants with leaves and stems but lack roots. They possess rhizoids for anchorage. Example: Moss
    • Pteridophyta are vascular plants with well-developed roots, stems and leaves. They reproduce by spores. Example: Fern
    • Gymnosperm are non-flowering plants with naked seeds not enclosed within a fruit. Example: Pine

    Fungi Kingdom

    • Fungi are heterotrophic organisms, mostly multicellular, that lack chlorophyll.
    • Their body is made up of thread-like structures called hyphae, forming a network called mycelium.
    • They can be saprophytic (feeding on dead organic matter) or parasitic (feeding on living organisms).
    • Fungi have a cell wall made of chitin and store glycogen as their food reserve.
    • Example: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds

    Bacteria Kingdom

    • Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms lacking a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • They can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
    • Cell walls are present in most species except Mycoplasma.
    • Bacteria play a crucial role in decomposition, digestion, and various industrial processes.
    • They can be harmful, causing diseases like typhoid, cholera, or food spoilage.
    • Beneficial bacteria are used in food production (curd, cheese), fermentation, antibiotics production (penicillin), and nitrogen fixation.
    • Based on shape, bacteria are classified as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral), and vibrio (comma-shaped).

    Protista Kingdom

    • This kingdom comprises single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
    • They can be autotrophic (algae, diatoms) or heterotrophic (protozoa).
    • Some protists move using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.

    Amoeba

    • A type of protozoan, amoeba is a single-celled organism with a well-defined nucleus, lacking a defined shape.
    • It moves using pseudopodia, which also helps it capture food (bacteria, algae).
    • Amoeba reproduces asexually through binary fission or multiple fission.

    Five Kingdom Classification

    • This system, proposed by R.H. Whittaker, classifies organisms based on:
      • Cell structure (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
      • Mode of nutrition (autotrophic or heterotrophic)
      • Body organization (unicellular or multicellular)
    • The five kingdoms are:
      • Monera
      • Protista
      • Fungi
      • Plantae
      • Animalia

    The Need for Classification

    • Makes the study of living organisms simpler and easier.
    • Facilitates the identification of different organisms.
    • Helps in grouping organisms based on similarities.
    • Shows relationships and affinities between different organisms.
    • Helps in tracing the evolution of organisms from simple to complex forms.

    Saprophytic Fungi

    • Break down dead material for food
    • Return nutrients to the soil
    • Help recycle nutrients
    • Examples: Aspergillus and Penicillium used to add flavor to cheese

    Kingdom Plantae

    • Includes all multi-cellular, eukaryotic, and green autotrophic organisms
    • Key characteristics for classification:
      • Differentiation of the plant body (root, stem, leaf)
      • Presence of vascular tissues
      • Presence of seeds
      • Encapsulation of seeds within fruits

    Green Algae (Thallophytes)

    • Aquatic, green-colored, unicellular, or multi-cellular plants
    • Contain chlorophyll and make their own food (autotrophic)
    • Plant body is not divided into root, stem, and leaves, called a thallus
    • Examples: Chlamydomonas (unicellular), Spirogyra (filamentous), Laminaria (brown algae), Porphyra (red algae)

    Bryophyta

    • Green plants found in moist, shady places
    • Have stems and leaves but lack roots
    • Have root-like structures called rhizoids for absorbing water and minerals, and anchoring the plant
    • Examples: Liverworts and mosses

    Pteridophyta

    • Green plants generally found in cool, shady places
    • Have roots, stems, and leaves
    • Do not produce flowers or seeds
    • Examples: Ferns, horsetails, and water ferns

    Gymnosperms

    • Bear seeds that are not enclosed in fruits, known as naked seeds
    • Typically evergreen, meaning they do not shed their leaves
    • Examples: Cycas and Pinus

    Angiosperms

    • Bear seeds that are enclosed within fruits
    • Found as herbs, shrubs, and trees
    • Further classified based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons):
      • Dicotyledonous plants: Seeds contain two seed leaves (e.g., gram, pea, bean, brinjal, mango)
      • Monocotyledonous plants: Seeds contain one seed leaf (e.g., wheat, maize, rice)

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Includes all multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms
    • Two main groups: invertebrates and vertebrates

    Invertebrates

    • Animals without a backbone or bony skeleton
    • Examples: Sponges, sea anemones, tapeworms, cockroaches, earthworms, snails, starfish, etc.
    • Insects are the largest group of invertebrates

    Vertebrates

    • Animals with a backbone (vertebral column)
    • Backbone is formed by a series of small bones called vertebrae
    • Examples: Fish, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, birds, monkeys, cows, cats, kangaroos, elephants, humans, etc.

    Porifera (Sponges)

    • Porous animals (pores cover the body with a large central opening)
    • Found attached to the seafloor and do not move
    • Examples: Sycon, Leucosolenia

    Coelenterata (Hollow Sac-like Animals)

    • Body is a hollow sac with a single opening (mouth) at the top
    • Mouth is surrounded by tentacles
    • Examples: Hydra, sea anemones

    Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

    • Mostly parasitic
    • Flattened, leaf-like, or ribbon-like body
    • Unsegmented
    • Examples: Liver fluke, tapeworm

    Nematoda (Roundworms)

    • Parasitic or free-living
    • Narrow, cylindrical body
    • Unsegmented
    • Examples: Roundworm, Ascaris

    Annelida (Segmented Worms)

    • Soft, segmented body composed of rings
    • Locomotion using lateral appendages (setae or parapodia)
    • Respiration through the moist body surface
    • Excretion using nephridia
    • Examples: Earthworm, leech

    Arthropoda (Joint-footed Animals)

    • Jointed legs
    • Body segmented into three regions (head, thorax, abdomen)
    • Tough outer covering called exoskeleton
    • Compound eyes with multiple lenses, producing mosaic vision
    • Examples: Butterfly, crab, cockroach, spider, scorpion, prawn, crab

    Mollusca (Soft-bodied Animals)

    • Soft, unsegmented body
    • Enclosed in a hard calcium carbonate shell (exoskeleton)
    • Locomotion using a muscular foot
    • Examples: Mussel, snail, octopus, cuttlefish

    Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned Animals)

    • Rough, spiny body
    • Star-shaped or ball-like, radially symmetrical
    • Marine animals
    • Examples: Starfish, sea urchin, brittle star

    Pisces (Fishes)

    • Found in marine and freshwater
    • Cold-blooded animals
    • Streamlined body with fins for swimming
    • Breathe through gills
    • Body covered in scales
    • Examples: Shark, lamprey, lungfish, carp

    Amphibia (Animals Leading Two Lives)

    • Live in water and on land
    • Cold-blooded animals
    • Slimy body without scales
    • Lay eggs in water
    • Breathe through lungs and moist skin
    • Examples: Frog, toad

    Reptilia

    • Primarily land-dwelling, some aquatic
    • Cold-blooded animals
    • Body covered in scales
    • Breathe through lungs
    • Examples: Tortoise, lizard, snake, crocodile

    Aves (Birds)

    • Bodies covered in feathers
    • Warm-blooded animals
    • Possess wings for flying
    • Streamlined body for flight
    • Hollow bones for lightweight
    • Examples: Pigeon, ostrich, peacock, sparrow, penguin

    Mammals

    • Body covered in hair
    • Warm-blooded animals
    • Give birth to live young
    • Possess mammary glands for nourishing young
    • Breathe through lungs
    • Examples: Kangaroo, bat, squirrel, cat, dog, lion, tiger, rabbit, camel, giraffe, whale, dolphin, monkey, human

    Plant Kingdom Classification

    • Algae: Do not have roots, stems, or leaves; are aquatic and autotrophic (produce their own food)
      • Example: Spirogyra
    • Bryophyta: Have stems and leaves but no roots; have root-like structures called rhizoids; are called the "amphibians of the plant kingdom" because they need water to reproduce.
      • Example: Mosses
    • Pteridophyta: Have well-formed roots, stems, and leaves; reproduce through spores not seeds.
      • Example: Ferns
    • Gymnosperms: Have roots, stems, and leaves; do not produce flowers or fruits; bear naked seeds not enclosed in fruits.
      • Example: Pines

    ### Fungi

    • General characteristics:
      • Non-green (lack chlorophyll)
      • Eukaryotic (have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles)
      • Multicellular (except for yeast), composed of thread-like structures called hyphae that form a network called mycelium
      • Heterotrophic (cannot produce their own food) and obtain nutrition through saprophytism (feeding on dead organic matter) or parasitism (feeding on living organisms)
    • Examples: Mushrooms, molds (like Penicillium and Aspergillus), yeast

    ### Bacteria

    • General characteristics:
      • Prokaryotic (lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles)
      • Unicellular
      • Can be autotrophic (produce their own food) or heterotrophic
    • Shapes:
      • Coccus: Spherical or ovoid
      • Bacillus: Rod-shaped
      • Spirillum: Spiral-shaped
      • Vibrio: Comma-shaped

    ### Harmful Bacteria

    • Cause several diseases in humans, animals, and plants
      • Typhoid: Caused by Salmonella typhi
      • Cholera: Caused by Vibrio cholerae
      • Pneumonia: Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
      • Tuberculosis: Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Spoil food items
      • Examples: Botulism, Salmonella contamination
    • Can cause milk spoilage

    Useful Bacteria

    • Act as decomposers
      • Break down dead organic matter into simpler substances which are then returned to the soil, water, or air for use by other living organisms.
    • Assist in animal digestion
      • Break down food in the intestines of animals
      • Produce essential vitamins like B and K in humans
    • Industrial applications
      • Curing of cheese, tobacco, and tea
      • Vinegar production
      • Curd (dahi) production
      • Fuel production (methane from cattle manure)
      • Leather tanning
      • Fibre retting
      • Antibiotic production (like streptomycin and tetracycline)
      • Nitrogen fixation (by Rhizobium bacteria in legume root nodules)

    Kingdom Protista

    • General characteristics:
      • Unicellular
      • Eukaryotic
      • Can be autotrophic (algae, diatoms) or heterotrophic (protozoa)
    • Examples: Algae, diatoms, protozoa

    Amoeba

    • Structure:
      • Unicellular
      • Eukaryotic
      • Microscopic
      • Irregular shape
      • Covered by a cell membrane
      • Has pseudopodia (false feet) for movement and capturing food
    • Life processes:
      • Nutrition: Eats bacteria, small algae, and other small organisms by engulfing them with pseudopodia, forming a food vacuole where digestion occurs.
      • Excretion: Waste products are expelled through the general body surface, excess water is collected in the contractile vacuole and expelled through the cell membrane.
      • Respiration: Exchange of gases (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) occurs through the cell membrane.
      • Locomotion: Occurs through amoeboid movement, which is the flow of cytoplasm within the pseudopodia.
      • Reproduction: Occurs through binary fission (asexual) and multiple fission (asexual, during unfavorable conditions).

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Nutrition:
      • Heterotrophic
      • Acquire nutrition through saprophytism (from dead organic matter) or parasitism (from living organisms)
    • Reproduction:
      • Asexual reproduction through binary fission, budding, regeneration of fragments, or spore formation.
      • Sexual reproduction is also possible.
    • Examples:
      • Yeast:
        • Single-celled
        • Saprophytic
        • Reproduces by budding
        • Used in food production (bread, beer, wine)
      • Bread mold:
        • Multicellular
        • Saprophytic
        • Reproduces by spore formation
        • Hyphae secrete digestive juices that break down starch in bread into glucose
    • Harmful Fungi:
      • Cause food spoilage
      • Damage materials (paper, leather, textiles)
      • Cause diseases in crops, humans, and animals.
    • Useful Fungi:
      • Some mushrooms are edible
      • Yeast is a source of food
      • Produce antibiotics (like penicillin)
      • Used in citric acid production
      • Used in baking
      • Used in food fermentation (wine, beer)

    Two Kingdom Classification

    • Linnaeus and other scientists divided living organisms into two kingdoms:
      • Kingdom Plantae (plants)
      • Kingdom Animalia (animals)

    Five Kingdom Classification

    • Proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969
    • Based on cell structure (prokaryotic vs eukaryotic), mode of nutrition (autotrophic vs heterotrophic), and body organisation (unicellular vs multicellular)
    • Five kingdoms:
      • Monera
      • Protista
      • Fungi
      • Plantae
      • Animalia

    Kingdom Monera

    • Includes bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), and Mycoplasma
    • Prokaryotic (lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
    • Some have cell walls (bacteria, blue-green algae)
    • Mycoplasma lack a cell wall
    • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic (blue-green algae, some bacteria) or heterotrophic (mycoplasma, most bacteria)

    Advantages of Classification

    • Makes the study of living organisms easier and simpler.
    • Helps in identifying different organisms.
    • Organises organisms into groups.
    • Reveals relationships between organisms.
    • Aids in tracing the evolution of organisms from simpler to more complex forms.

    Fungi

    • Fungi recycle nutrients in the ecosystem by breaking down dead materials.
    • Some types of fungi, like Aspergillus and Penicillium, are used to give cheese its distinct flavor.

    Kingdom Plantae

    • Includes all multicellular, eukaryotic, and green autotrophic organisms.
    • Its classification is based on: plant body differentiation, presence of vascular tissues, seed presence, and seed enclosure within fruits.

    Green Algae (Thallophytes)

    • Aquatic, green-colored, unicellular or multicellular plants.
    • They contain chlorophyll and are autotrophic (produce their own food).
    • Their plant body is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaves.
    • Examples include Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Laminaria, and Porphyra.

    Bryophyta

    • Green plants found in moist, shady places.
    • Have stem and leaves but lack roots.
    • Root-like structures called rhizoids help absorb water and minerals and anchor the plant.
    • Examples include liverworts and mosses.

    Pteridophyta

    • Green plants found in cool, shady land areas.
    • Possess roots, stem, and leaves.
    • Do not produce flowers or seeds.
    • Examples include ferns, horsetails, and water ferns.

    Gymnosperms

    • Bear seeds that are not enclosed in fruits, referred to as naked seeds.
    • Evergreen plants that do not shed their leaves.
    • Examples include Cycas and Pinus.

    Angiosperms

    • Bear seeds enclosed inside fruits.
    • Found as herbs, shrubs, and trees.
    • Classified into dicotyledonous (two seed leaves) and monocotyledonous (one seed leaf) plants.
    • Cotyledons are food-storing structures in seeds that nourish the plant embryo.

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Includes all animals that can be divided into invertebrates (lack a backbone) and vertebrates (possess a backbone).

    Invertebrates

    • Porifera (porous animals):
      • Have pores all over their bodies.
      • Found attached to the seafloor.
      • Examples include Sycon and Leucosolenia.
    • Coelenterata (hollow sac-like animals):
      • Bag-shaped with a single opening called a mouth at the top.
      • Mouth is surrounded by tentacles.
      • Examples include Hydra and sea anemone.
    • Platyhelminthes (flatworms):
      • Mostly parasitic.
      • Thin, flattened, leaf-like or ribbon-like bodies.
      • Unsegmented bodies.
      • Examples include liver fluke and tapeworm.
    • Nematoda (roundworms):
      • Parasitic or free-living.
      • Narrow, cylindrical, unsegmented bodies.
      • Examples include roundworm and Ascaris.
    • Annelida (segmented worms):
      • Soft, segmented bodies.
      • Locomotion through setae or parapodia.
      • Respiration through moist body surface.
      • Possess nephridia for excretion.
      • Examples include earthworm and leech.
    • Arthropoda (joint-footed animals):
      • Jointed legs.
      • Body is segmented into head, thorax, and abdomen.
      • Tough exoskeleton.
      • Compound eyes with mosaic vision.
      • Examples include butterfly, crab, cockroach, spider, scorpion, and prawn.
    • Mollusca (soft-bodied animals):
      • Soft, unsegmented bodies.
      • Enclosed by a hard shell (exoskeleton) made of calcium carbonate.
      • Locomotion by muscular foot.
      • Examples include mussel, snail, octopus, and cuttlefish.
    • Echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals):
      • Rough, spiny bodies.
      • Star-shaped or ball-like bodies.
      • Radially symmetrical.
      • Marine animals.
      • Examples include starfish, sea urchin, and brittle star.

    Vertebrates

    • Pisces (fish):
      • Found in both marine and freshwater environments.
      • Cold-blooded animals.
      • Streamlined bodies with fins for swimming.
      • Breathe through gills.
      • Covered in scales.
      • Examples include shark, lamprey, lungfish, and carp.
    • Amphibia (animals leading two lives):
      • Can live on land and in water.
      • Cold-blooded animals.
      • Slimy bodies lacking scales.
      • Lay eggs in water.
      • Breathe through lungs and moist skin.
      • Examples include frogs and toads.
    • Reptiles:
      • Mostly found on land, some are aquatic.
      • Cold-blooded animals.
      • Bodies covered in scales.
      • Breathe through lungs.
      • Examples include tortoises, lizards, snakes, and crocodiles.
    • Aves (birds):
      • Bodies covered in feathers.
      • Warm-blooded animals.
      • Possess wings for flying.
      • Streamlined bodies.
      • Hollow bones for weight reduction.
      • Examples include pigeon, ostrich, peacock, sparrow, and penguin.
    • Mammals:
      • Bodies covered in hair.
      • Warm-blooded animals.
      • Give birth to live young.
      • Possess mammary glands for nourishing their young.
      • Breathe through lungs.
      • Examples include kangaroo, bat, squirrel, cat, dog, lion, tiger, rabbit, camel, giraffe, whale, dolphin, monkey, and human.

    Additional Terms

    • Streamlined Body: A body that is narrow at the front and back, offering minimal resistance while swimming.
    • Binary Fission: The most common method of reproduction in prokaryotic cells, where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
    • Fermentation: Anaerobic breakdown of sugars by yeast, producing alcohol.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the different plant and fungi kingdoms! This quiz covers characteristics of algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and various plant classifications like monocots and dicots. Understand their structures, functions, and examples to ace this quiz.

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