Plant Anatomy Fundamentals

Plant Anatomy

Overview

• Study of the internal structure of plants
• Involves the examination of plant cells, tissues, and organs

Plant Cells

• Basic structural and functional units of plants
• Composed of:
  • Cell wall: provides support and protection
  • Cell membrane: regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • Cytoplasm: site of metabolic activities
  • Nucleus: contains genetic material
  • Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis
  • Vacuoles: storage of water, nutrients, and waste products

Plant Tissues

• Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions
• Types of plant tissues:
  1. Dermal tissue: outer layer of plant, provides protection
  2. Ground tissue: inner tissue, performs various functions such as storage and support
  3. Vascular tissue: transports water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant
     • Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
     • Phloem: transports sugars and nutrients produced by photosynthesis

Plant Organs

• Structural units composed of different tissues that perform specific functions
• Types of plant organs:
  1. Roots: absorb water and nutrients from soil
  2. Stems: support leaves, transport water and nutrients, and store food
  3. Leaves: site of photosynthesis, produce food for the plant

Leaf Structure

• Blade: flat part of the leaf, site of photosynthesis
• Petiole: stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem
• Veins: vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the leaf
• Cuticle: outer layer of the leaf, prevents water loss
• Stomata: small openings that allow for gas exchange