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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of the gametophyte stage in plants?
What is the main characteristic of the gametophyte stage in plants?
What is the key feature of the sporophyte stage in plants?
What is the key feature of the sporophyte stage in plants?
In alternation of generations, what gives rise to the sporophyte stage?
In alternation of generations, what gives rise to the sporophyte stage?
Where are spores produced in plants?
Where are spores produced in plants?
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What makes spore walls resistant to harsh environments?
What makes spore walls resistant to harsh environments?
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Which plant group also undergoes alternation of generations like plants?
Which plant group also undergoes alternation of generations like plants?
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What is the main function of the xylem in vascular plants?
What is the main function of the xylem in vascular plants?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the phloem in vascular plants?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the phloem in vascular plants?
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What is the primary function of roots in vascular plants?
What is the primary function of roots in vascular plants?
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What is the difference between microphylls and megaphylls?
What is the difference between microphylls and megaphylls?
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What is the evolutionary advantage of increased height in vascular plants?
What is the evolutionary advantage of increased height in vascular plants?
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What is the likely evolutionary origin of roots in vascular plants?
What is the likely evolutionary origin of roots in vascular plants?
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Which part of the moss plant produces flagellated sperm?
Which part of the moss plant produces flagellated sperm?
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What is the main function of the sporangium in plants?
What is the main function of the sporangium in plants?
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In bryophytes, which stage is primarily dominant in their life cycle?
In bryophytes, which stage is primarily dominant in their life cycle?
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What is the function of apical meristems in plants?
What is the function of apical meristems in plants?
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Which plant structure anchors the gametophytes to the substrate?
Which plant structure anchors the gametophytes to the substrate?
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What is the primary function of archegonia in plants?
What is the primary function of archegonia in plants?
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Which part of the plant is involved in meiosis to produce spores?
Which part of the plant is involved in meiosis to produce spores?
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What is the role of the seta in a moss plant?
What is the role of the seta in a moss plant?
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Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange in hornworts and mosses?
Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange in hornworts and mosses?
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Study Notes
Alternation of Generations
- Plants alternate between two multicellular stages: gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid)
- Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis, which fuse to form a diploid zygote
- Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, which grow into new gametophytes
Derived Traits of Plants
- Multicellular embryos with placental transfer cells
- Walled spores produced in sporangia, resistant to harsh environments
- Apical meristems, responsible for growth and development
Transport in Xylem and Phloem
- Xylem conducts water and minerals, includes dead cells called tracheids
- Phloem consists of living cells, distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
- Increased height in vascular plants provides an evolutionary advantage
Evolution of Roots and Leaves
- Roots anchor vascular plants, absorb water and nutrients from soil
- Leaves increase surface area, capture more solar energy for photosynthesis
- Two types of leaves: microphylls (single vein) and megaphylls (highly branched vascular system)
Origin and Diversification of Plants
- Fossilized spores and sporophyte tissue found in Cooksonia
- Land plants grouped into non-tracheophytes (nonvascular) and tracheophytes (vascular)
- Evolutionary relationships among plant groups, including Charophyta, Chlorophyta, and Embryophyta
Non-Tracheophytes (Bryophytes)
- Represented by three phyla: Bryophyta (mosses), Hepatophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
- Lack vascular tissue, have gametophyte stage dominant
- Examples of bryophytes, including raindrop-shaped gametophytes and sporophytes with peristome
Bryophytes – Gametophyte Stage
- Gametophytes produce antheridia and archegonia, which produce sperm and eggs
- Sperm swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs
- Zygote grows into a sporophyte, which produces spores
Bryophytes – Sporophyte Stage
- Sporophytes grow out of archegonia, consist of a foot, seta, and sporangium
- Discharge spores through a peristome, have stomata for gas exchange
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Description
Test your knowledge of plant alternation of generations which involves multicellular stages, gametophyte, sporophyte, and the production of gametes and spores through mitosis and meiosis.
