Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the relationship between goals and plans in an organizational context?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between goals and plans in an organizational context?
- Goals and plans are independent and do not influence each other.
- Plans set the direction, while goals provide the resources.
- Goals define the 'what,' and plans define the 'how' to achieve them. (correct)
- Goals are short-term objectives, while plans are long-term visions.
What is the primary focus of tactical goals within an organization?
What is the primary focus of tactical goals within an organization?
- Defining long-term visions for the organization's future.
- Specifying what needs to be done by departments to achieve strategic results. (correct)
- Setting measurable outcomes for lower-level management.
- Addressing broad issues concerning the organization as a whole.
How does incorporating long-term goals help to facilitate performance within an organization?
How does incorporating long-term goals help to facilitate performance within an organization?
- By ensuring goals comprise relevant or key areas. (correct)
- They don't help to facilitate performance.
- By encouraging excessive risk-taking for quick gains.
- By preventing focus on goals that require prolonged effort.
What is the role of 'benchmarking' in planning for change within an organization?
What is the role of 'benchmarking' in planning for change within an organization?
In the context of single-use plans, what is the distinguishing characteristic of a 'project' compared to a 'programme'?
In the context of single-use plans, what is the distinguishing characteristic of a 'project' compared to a 'programme'?
What is the fundamental goal of 'Management By Objectives' (MBO)?
What is the fundamental goal of 'Management By Objectives' (MBO)?
Which of the following actions is least likely to contribute to faster product development?
Which of the following actions is least likely to contribute to faster product development?
What potential negative impact can planning have on strategic planners and top-level managers?
What potential negative impact can planning have on strategic planners and top-level managers?
How do organizational goals contribute to the controlling function of management?
How do organizational goals contribute to the controlling function of management?
Which action best exemplifies the implementation of an 'internal-transformation mission' within an organization?
Which action best exemplifies the implementation of an 'internal-transformation mission' within an organization?
Which of the following correctly sequences the relationship between organizational vision, mission, objectives, and strategies?
Which of the following correctly sequences the relationship between organizational vision, mission, objectives, and strategies?
What is the primary purpose of 'standing plans' within an organization?
What is the primary purpose of 'standing plans' within an organization?
What is a key characteristic of 'operational goals' in relation to other types of organizational goals?
What is a key characteristic of 'operational goals' in relation to other types of organizational goals?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between excessively taking risk and performance?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between excessively taking risk and performance?
Which of the following steps would be most beneficial early in the planning process for contingencies?
Which of the following steps would be most beneficial early in the planning process for contingencies?
What is the purpose of 'aggregate product plans' in product development?
What is the purpose of 'aggregate product plans' in product development?
Which of the following is primarily addressed by an organization's mission statement?
Which of the following is primarily addressed by an organization's mission statement?
When planning for change, what does 'one way an organization is able to choose stretch goals of just the right difficulty' refer to?
When planning for change, what does 'one way an organization is able to choose stretch goals of just the right difficulty' refer to?
Why may a planner develop a 'false sense of certainty'?
Why may a planner develop a 'false sense of certainty'?
Which of the following is true of single-use and standing plans?
Which of the following is true of single-use and standing plans?
Which of the following is not one of the three kinds of standing plans?
Which of the following is not one of the three kinds of standing plans?
Which level of goals are broadly defined goals or targeted outcomes set by top level management?
Which level of goals are broadly defined goals or targeted outcomes set by top level management?
Which of the following is not a key to successful planning?
Which of the following is not a key to successful planning?
Which of the following is the best description of an action plan?
Which of the following is the best description of an action plan?
Which of the following would be an example of a common-enemy mission?
Which of the following would be an example of a common-enemy mission?
Which of the following is the right order of the mission -> goals -> plans
Which of the following is the right order of the mission -> goals -> plans
Which of the following is not typically included in planning for contingencies?
Which of the following is not typically included in planning for contingencies?
What is essential to consider when defining operational goals?
What is essential to consider when defining operational goals?
Which of the following is a potential problem of goal setting?
Which of the following is a potential problem of goal setting?
Flashcards
Planning Definition
Planning Definition
The initial management process, defining goals, developing alternatives, and implementing them to achieve organizational objectives.
Organizational Goal
Organizational Goal
A future target or end result that an organization strives to achieve.
Organizational Plan
Organizational Plan
The methods and strategies devised to achieve an organizational goal.
Organizational Vision
Organizational Vision
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Organizational Mission
Organizational Mission
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Management by Objectives (MBO)
Management by Objectives (MBO)
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Standing Plans
Standing Plans
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Single-Use Plans
Single-Use Plans
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Programs
Programs
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Projects
Projects
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Special-Purpose Plans
Special-Purpose Plans
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Benchmarking
Benchmarking
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Planning for Contingencies
Planning for Contingencies
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Planning for Product Development
Planning for Product Development
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Benefits of Goals
Benefits of Goals
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Successful Planning Tip
Successful Planning Tip
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Operational Goals
Operational Goals
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Strategic Goals
Strategic Goals
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Tactical Goals
Tactical Goals
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Study Notes
- Planning is a fundamental management process that involves setting goals, creating options, and putting them into action to achieve organizational objectives
- The planning process specifies goals and plans as the main components
- A goal is a desired future outcome for an organization
- A plan outlines the methods to achieve the goal
- Planning is a management job that includes setting goals and determining how to best accomplish them
- It's also choosing a goal and making a strategy to get there
Organizational Elements
- Organizational vision refers to a mental picture that is wanted to turn into a reality
- Organizational mission is based on the organizations purpose or fundamental reason for existence
Planning Top-Down
- Planning works best when lower and middle-level management goals and plans support those at the top
Mission Setting
- There are four ways an organization defines its goals.
- These include targeting a specific outcome
- Working against a common competitor or challenge
- Emulating a role model
- Aiming for internal transformation
Management by Objectives (MBO)
- It helps develop and execute tactical plans at all organizational levels
- It is based on goals, participation, and feedback
- Standing plans are ongoing and handle frequent events, unlike single-use plans
- Three kinds of standing plans exist: policies, procedures, and regulations
Single-Use Plans
- Single-use plans address unique, one-time events and cease to exist once executed
- Two main types exist- programs, and projects
Programs
- Dividing relevant tasks into parts or projects should be performed
- The relationships among the parts should be determined and a sequence developed
- Responsibility for each section should be decided
- Decide how each part will be completed and what resources will be necessary
Projects
- A project is a plan to coordinate a set of limited scope tasks or activities
- They do not need to be divided into several components in order to reach an important non-recurring goal
- It has its own budget
Special Purpose Plans
- Organizations use these plans for:
- Change
- Contingencies
- Product Development
- Speed
Planning for Change
- A planning approach that involves stretch goals and benchmarking
- Benchmarking identifies outstanding practices, processes, and standards in other organizations to adapt them
Planning for Contingencies
- Defining the scope of a scenario
- Identifying major stakeholders (customers, suppliers, competition, government)
- Identifying political, economic, societal, technological, competitive, and legal trends
- Identifying key uncertainties
- Putting together an initial scenario
- Securing consistency and plausibility of facts and assumptions
- Writing a final scenario and creating contingency plans
Product Development
- Aggregate product plans enable the management and oversight of new products during development
- Aggregate product plans should show the resources (funds, equipment, materials, employees) used for each product and align all products with the organization's mission and strategy
Faster Product Development
- Four key factors relate to faster product development
- Cross-functional teams
- Internal and external communication
- Overlapping development phases
- Frequent testing of product prototypes
Costs and Benefits
- Planning helps managers succeed, but doesn’t guarantee it.
- Planning increases manager and employee effort
- but it can give a false sense of certainty
- It can cause strategic planners and top managers to detach from the details of implementation
Organizational Goals
- Organizational goals are important in a planning process through:
- Increased performance
- Expectations clarification
- Controlled function
- Increased motivation
Levels Of Goals
- Three levels of goals exist- strategic, tactical, and operational
- Strategic goals are broad and set by top management to address overall organization issues
- Tactical goals are more targeted, set by middle management, and specify departmental tasks to achieve strategic goals
- Operational goals are set by lower-level management and specify measurable outcomes for lower levels
Goals and Performance
| Potential problems | Possible solutions |
|---|---|
| Excessive risk-taking | Analyze the risk; avoid taking careless or foolish risks. |
| Increased level of stress | Adjust goal difficulties, add staff, and offer training in the necessary skills to eliminate unnecessary stress. |
| Undermined self confidence | Treat failure as a problem to be solved rather than a reason for punishment. |
| Ignored non-goal areas | Ensure goals comprise relevant or key areas. |
| Excessive shut term thinking | Incorporate long term goals |
| Dishonesty and cheating | Give feedback frequently and openly. Provide help and overcome difficulties |
Successful Planning
- It is important to link goals and plans
- Being determined to achieve the goals at hand is important
- action plans list the specific people, resources, steps and a time for accomplishment of a goal
- It also has to be a description of what needs to be done, how, when, where and by whom in order to achieve a goal.
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Description
Explore the management process of planning, including setting goals, creating options, and implementing strategies. Learn about organizational vision and mission, and how to align goals from top-down management. Discover the different ways an organization defines its goals.
