Developmental
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between competence and performance in the context of child theory?

  • Performance is about theoretical knowledge, whereas competence relates to task execution.
  • Competence refers to what children can do, while performance refers to what they know.
  • Competence denotes theoretical knowledge, while performance indicates practical application of that knowledge. (correct)
  • Both competence and performance assess children’s ability to perform tasks.
  • In the conservation task, why do most 5-year-olds choose the tall-thin beaker when asked about the amount of water?

  • They have developed a reversed operational understanding.
  • They can visualize changes in water levels accurately.
  • They understand that pouring changes the quantity.
  • They cannot comprehend the idea of conservation yet. (correct)
  • What is a key limitation of the pre-operational child indicated in Piaget's theory?

  • They have mastered the ability to perform multiple operations simultaneously.
  • They can detach their thinking from concrete experiences.
  • They struggle with forming mental representations.
  • They are egocentric and cannot view situations from perspectives other than their own. (correct)
  • In the three mountains task, what ability are children lacking according to Piaget's findings?

    <p>The capacity to perform mental operations without physical actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental stage allows children to perform operations but still requires concrete experience for learning?

    <p>Concrete operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

    <p>The ability to imagine hypothetical scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically pass conservation tasks related to mass according to Piaget?

    <p>7-8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages involves developing fine-motor skills and hand-eye coordination according to Piaget?

    <p>Scribble stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prior interaction with a subject affect a child's approach to drawing realism?

    <p>It alters the type of realism they use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of realism is more likely to be used when two objects are similar but look different?

    <p>Visual realism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Piaget believe regarding children's engagement in fantasy thinking?

    <p>It is unrelated to the real world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does Piaget struggle to explain about the progression of cognitive stages?

    <p>The transitions between stages of cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Cox's study, what influenced children to use visual realism over intellectual realism?

    <p>Presence of strong social cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gonadarche primarily signify in terms of physical development?

    <p>The earliest gonadal changes marking puberty onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increase is primarily responsible for the development of sex organs during puberty?

    <p>Estradiol and testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is associated with earlier menarche in girls?

    <p>Low birthweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do early life experiences such as sexual abuse have on puberty?

    <p>Lower age of menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemicals like flame retardants have on pubertal development?

    <p>Older age of pubertal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the changes in grey and white matter during puberty?

    <p>White matter improves while grey matter shrinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cortisol levels and stress during puberty?

    <p>Cortisol enhances adaptation to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social consequence is often associated with pubertal maturation?

    <p>Increase in sexual harassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Fragile X syndrome?

    <p>Changes in Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Severe interest in social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common intellectual profile associated with Williams Syndrome?

    <p>Mild to moderate intellectual disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of autism?

    <p>Cognitive inflexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavioral pattern is referred to as 'stimming' in autism?

    <p>Repetitive patterns of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a common emotional processing difficulty in individuals with autism?

    <p>Alexithymia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately describes the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>More common in boys than girls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted con of the neurodiversity movement?

    <p>Failure to acknowledge treatment effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of effectiveness for stimulant medication in treating ADHD?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a potential treatment for oppositional defiant disorder?

    <p>Cognitive Rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of disruptive behavior disorders?

    <p>Parental attachment style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a missing part of the X chromosome in girls?

    <p>Turner Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome?

    <p>Low pain tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defining criteria for diagnosing conduct disorder?

    <p>Presence of four specific behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Klinefelter Syndrome primarily manifest in males?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral management strategy is suggested for dealing with disruptive behavior disorders?

    <p>Time out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a heritability measure of 0% indicate?

    <p>All environment influences a trait with no genetic influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the heritability of psychological traits?

    <p>Psychological traits have a heritability of approximately 50 to 60%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Histones facilitate the wrapping of DNA for compaction and gene regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is characterized by a disruption of brain systems and chronic levels of stress?

    <p>Toxic Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA methylation involve?

    <p>The attachment of methyl groups that can activate or repress genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analogy is used to explain the mechanism of gene selection under pressure?

    <p>The watershed model, where a river's flow results from upstream contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high pre-bedtime cortisol elevation have on the brain?

    <p>It reduces brain volume and disrupts protective myelin growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'heritable trait'?

    <p>A trait that has genetic variation affecting its expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

    • Piaget observed his own children to develop his theory
    • Newborns have limited control over movements, low expression, and poor object focus
    • Piaget believed children construct understanding through interaction
    • Learning mechanisms: Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibration
    • Four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), and Formal Operational (11-14)
    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2): Sense-action learning; no mental representations; object permanence is not understood
    • AnatB Error: Infants in this stage focus on procedures and lack object permanence
    • Preoperational Stage (2-7): Mental representations emerge; however, limitations like egocentrism and lack of conservation skills exist.
    • Conservation Task: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance (e.g., liquid poured into different-shaped containers).
    • Preoperational children struggle with conservation due to limited ability to perform reverse operations
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11): Understanding of concrete operations but not formal ones; Can hold representations and perform actions; e.g. 3 mountains task
    • Formal Operational Stage (11-14): Abstract, unbiased, and hypothetical thinking; can consider alternative possibilities and imagine different worlds.

    Learning Mechanisms

    • Assimilation: Incorporating new information into existing schemas
    • Accommodation: Adjusting existing schemas to fit new information.
    • Equilibration: Balance between assimilation and accommodation; leading to cognitive advancement

    Critiques of Piaget

    • Piaget overestimates the age at which certain skills develop
    • His methods don't effectively distinguish between competence and performance
    • He struggled to explain how transitions occur between stages

    Brain Development and Cognitive Development

    • There are 86 billion nerve cells in the brain
    • Synaptic formation intensifies from birth to approximately age 2
    • Long-range connections develop gradually
    • Brain development leads to cognitive development in three ways:
      • Maturational account: increased brain activity in specific areas
      • Interactive specialization account: Coordination of long-range brain networks
      • Skill learning account: development of EF's needed to learn new skills

    Theories of Nature and Nurture

    • Nature: Genes, biological biases, and brain development influence gender roles
    • Nurture: Gendered world, learning outcomes, and shaping of gender roles

    Gender Identity Development

    • Gender Identity: Recognition and labeling as a boy or a girl (2-3 years)
    • Gender Stability: Understanding that gender remains consistent over time (3-4 years)
    • Gender Constancy: Understanding that gender is unchanging (5-7 years)

    Attachment Theory

    • Bowlby proposed the concept of attachment for survival and protection
    • Harlow's experiments highlighted the importance of comfort and emotional security
    • Three main attachment styles according to Ainsworth: Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent
    • Bowlby's stages in grieving: Protest, Despair, and Detachment

    Theory of Mind

    • Ability to understand that others have mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions) different from one's own; E-I-B sequence: emotions, intentions, and beliefs
    • False-belief task: Assessing ability to understand that others' beliefs can be false

    Other Cognitive Abilities

    • Early word learning and concepts: Children extend words and concepts from limited experience
    • Criticism regarding the assessment of domain specificity of word extension

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    Description

    This quiz explores Piaget's theory of cognitive development, detailing the four stages identified by him: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational. It also covers key concepts such as assimilation, accommodation, and the conservation task. Test your understanding of how children learn and develop through interactions.

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