Developmental
45 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between competence and performance in the context of child theory?

  • Performance is about theoretical knowledge, whereas competence relates to task execution.
  • Competence refers to what children can do, while performance refers to what they know.
  • Competence denotes theoretical knowledge, while performance indicates practical application of that knowledge. (correct)
  • Both competence and performance assess children’s ability to perform tasks.

In the conservation task, why do most 5-year-olds choose the tall-thin beaker when asked about the amount of water?

  • They have developed a reversed operational understanding.
  • They can visualize changes in water levels accurately.
  • They understand that pouring changes the quantity.
  • They cannot comprehend the idea of conservation yet. (correct)

What is a key limitation of the pre-operational child indicated in Piaget's theory?

  • They have mastered the ability to perform multiple operations simultaneously.
  • They can detach their thinking from concrete experiences.
  • They struggle with forming mental representations.
  • They are egocentric and cannot view situations from perspectives other than their own. (correct)

In the three mountains task, what ability are children lacking according to Piaget's findings?

<p>The capacity to perform mental operations without physical actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage allows children to perform operations but still requires concrete experience for learning?

<p>Concrete operational stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

<p>The ability to imagine hypothetical scenarios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically pass conservation tasks related to mass according to Piaget?

<p>7-8 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages involves developing fine-motor skills and hand-eye coordination according to Piaget?

<p>Scribble stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prior interaction with a subject affect a child's approach to drawing realism?

<p>It alters the type of realism they use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of realism is more likely to be used when two objects are similar but look different?

<p>Visual realism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget believe regarding children's engagement in fantasy thinking?

<p>It is unrelated to the real world. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Piaget struggle to explain about the progression of cognitive stages?

<p>The transitions between stages of cognitive development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Cox's study, what influenced children to use visual realism over intellectual realism?

<p>Presence of strong social cues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gonadarche primarily signify in terms of physical development?

<p>The earliest gonadal changes marking puberty onset (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increase is primarily responsible for the development of sex organs during puberty?

<p>Estradiol and testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with earlier menarche in girls?

<p>Low birthweight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do early life experiences such as sexual abuse have on puberty?

<p>Lower age of menarche (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemicals like flame retardants have on pubertal development?

<p>Older age of pubertal development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the changes in grey and white matter during puberty?

<p>White matter improves while grey matter shrinks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cortisol levels and stress during puberty?

<p>Cortisol enhances adaptation to stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social consequence is often associated with pubertal maturation?

<p>Increase in sexual harassment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Fragile X syndrome?

<p>Changes in Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Severe interest in social interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common intellectual profile associated with Williams Syndrome?

<p>Mild to moderate intellectual disabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of autism?

<p>Cognitive inflexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavioral pattern is referred to as 'stimming' in autism?

<p>Repetitive patterns of behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common emotional processing difficulty in individuals with autism?

<p>Alexithymia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>More common in boys than girls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted con of the neurodiversity movement?

<p>Failure to acknowledge treatment effectiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of effectiveness for stimulant medication in treating ADHD?

<p>80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a potential treatment for oppositional defiant disorder?

<p>Cognitive Rehabilitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of disruptive behavior disorders?

<p>Parental attachment style (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with a missing part of the X chromosome in girls?

<p>Turner Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome?

<p>Low pain tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining criteria for diagnosing conduct disorder?

<p>Presence of four specific behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Klinefelter Syndrome primarily manifest in males?

<p>Infertility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral management strategy is suggested for dealing with disruptive behavior disorders?

<p>Time out (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a heritability measure of 0% indicate?

<p>All environment influences a trait with no genetic influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the heritability of psychological traits?

<p>Psychological traits have a heritability of approximately 50 to 60%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

<p>Histones facilitate the wrapping of DNA for compaction and gene regulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stress is characterized by a disruption of brain systems and chronic levels of stress?

<p>Toxic Stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA methylation involve?

<p>The attachment of methyl groups that can activate or repress genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which analogy is used to explain the mechanism of gene selection under pressure?

<p>The watershed model, where a river's flow results from upstream contributions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high pre-bedtime cortisol elevation have on the brain?

<p>It reduces brain volume and disrupts protective myelin growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'heritable trait'?

<p>A trait that has genetic variation affecting its expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Competence

The ability to understand a concept, regardless of how it's presented or tested.

Performance

The observable actions or behaviors that demonstrate what someone can do.

Conservation

The ability to understand that the amount of something remains the same even if its appearance changes.

Egocentrism

Children in this stage can only think about things in terms of their own perspective, they struggle to understand other viewpoints.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mental Operation

An action performed on a mental representation, enabling manipulation and understanding of concepts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heritability

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that's due to genetic differences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Histones

Proteins that DNA wraps around for compaction and gene regulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Methylation

Methyl groups attaching to DNA to activate or repress genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Histone Modification

The binding of epigenetic factors to histone tails, influencing DNA wrapping and gene accessibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Toxic Stress

Stress that disrupts brain function, damages homeostasis regulation, and leads to long-term negative effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amygdala

The area of the brain involved in processing emotions and memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

The part of the brain responsible for executive functions like planning and decision-making.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anterior Insula

The area in the brain involved in processing sensory information and awareness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gonadarche

The earliest changes within the gonads that signify the start of puberty.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HPG Axis Reactivation

The reactivation of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis, a key hormonal pathway that controls sexual development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Menarche

The onset of menstruation in girls, often considered the hallmark of puberty.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gonadotropins

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland that stimulate the production of sex steroids (estrogen and testosterone).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain Development during Puberty

The process of changes in brain structure and function that occur during adolescence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myelination

The process of covering nerve cells with an insulating substance that speeds up signal transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synaptic Pruning

Changes in the brain that occur during adolescence, including the formation and elimination of synapses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cortisol

The hormone that promotes adaptation to stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothetical Thinking

The ability to imagine how the real world could be different, considering possibilities that go beyond what is currently observed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abstract Thinking

Thinking that is not tied to specific examples or experiences, but rather focuses on abstract ideas and concepts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Dimension of Life

The ability to understand that others have different perspectives and viewpoints from one's own. It involves considering the social dimension of life and recognizing that one's own understanding may not be universal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preoperational Stage

A stage in cognitive development where children begin to use symbols and mental representations to understand the world. This stage is characterized by the ability to use language, engage in pretend play, and solve simple problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concrete Operational Thinking

The ability to use logical reasoning, manipulate objects mentally, and understand the relationships between objects. This stage is characterized by the ability to solve conservation tasks and understand the concept of reversibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Visual Realism

A type of drawing where the focus is on representing the real world as accurately as possible, with attention to detail and perspective.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intellectual Realism

A type of drawing where the focus is on conveying ideas and concepts rather than creating a realistic representation. It often involves symbolic elements and personal interpretations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A disorder characterized by persistent angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior, and vindictiveness, lasting for at least six months and impacting functioning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mentalization-Based Family Therapy

A treatment approach for disruptive behavior disorders that focuses on identifying and addressing attachment disruptions that contribute to the behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by a missing portion of chromosome 15, characterized by floppy muscles, feeding difficulties at birth, and insatiable appetite with potential for obesity later on.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Turner Syndrome

A genetic disorder affecting only females, caused by a missing part or entire X chromosome, resulting in stunted growth, heart problems, and potential challenges with math and social skills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Klienfelter Syndrome

A genetic disorder affecting males who have an extra X chromosome (XXY), leading to infertility, small testes, and greater height.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organisational Skills Training

A type of therapy that helps individuals develop better organizational skills, improve time management, and plan ahead, addressing challenges with attention and organization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A form of therapy that addresses behavioral and emotional difficulties by focusing on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, aiming to identify and change unhealthy patterns.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Remediation or Rehabilitation

A type of treatment that focuses on improving cognitive abilities, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving skills, often used in conjunction with other therapies for ADHD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic condition affecting males more frequently than females, causing intellectual disability, social difficulties, and physical characteristics such as poor motor skills and less body hair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Williams Syndrome

A genetic condition characterized by a deletion on chromosome 7, leading to a range of symptoms like intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and a friendly, outgoing personality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stimming

A specific type of repetitive behavior common in ASD, involving actions like hand flapping, rocking, or spinning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Communication Deficits

The difficulty in understanding and responding to social cues, leading to challenges in social interaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Restricted and Repetitive Interests

The tendency to focus intensely on specific interests or activities, often leading to difficulty shifting attention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Processing (Interoception)

The ability to process sensory information, including internal sensations like emotions, touch, and pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emotional Processing (Alexithymia)

The difficulty in identifying and expressing one's emotions, often associated with ASD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

  • Piaget observed his own children to develop his theory
  • Newborns have limited control over movements, low expression, and poor object focus
  • Piaget believed children construct understanding through interaction
  • Learning mechanisms: Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibration
  • Four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), and Formal Operational (11-14)
  • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2): Sense-action learning; no mental representations; object permanence is not understood
  • AnatB Error: Infants in this stage focus on procedures and lack object permanence
  • Preoperational Stage (2-7): Mental representations emerge; however, limitations like egocentrism and lack of conservation skills exist.
  • Conservation Task: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance (e.g., liquid poured into different-shaped containers).
  • Preoperational children struggle with conservation due to limited ability to perform reverse operations
  • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11): Understanding of concrete operations but not formal ones; Can hold representations and perform actions; e.g. 3 mountains task
  • Formal Operational Stage (11-14): Abstract, unbiased, and hypothetical thinking; can consider alternative possibilities and imagine different worlds.

Learning Mechanisms

  • Assimilation: Incorporating new information into existing schemas
  • Accommodation: Adjusting existing schemas to fit new information.
  • Equilibration: Balance between assimilation and accommodation; leading to cognitive advancement

Critiques of Piaget

  • Piaget overestimates the age at which certain skills develop
  • His methods don't effectively distinguish between competence and performance
  • He struggled to explain how transitions occur between stages

Brain Development and Cognitive Development

  • There are 86 billion nerve cells in the brain
  • Synaptic formation intensifies from birth to approximately age 2
  • Long-range connections develop gradually
  • Brain development leads to cognitive development in three ways:
    • Maturational account: increased brain activity in specific areas
    • Interactive specialization account: Coordination of long-range brain networks
    • Skill learning account: development of EF's needed to learn new skills

Theories of Nature and Nurture

  • Nature: Genes, biological biases, and brain development influence gender roles
  • Nurture: Gendered world, learning outcomes, and shaping of gender roles

Gender Identity Development

  • Gender Identity: Recognition and labeling as a boy or a girl (2-3 years)
  • Gender Stability: Understanding that gender remains consistent over time (3-4 years)
  • Gender Constancy: Understanding that gender is unchanging (5-7 years)

Attachment Theory

  • Bowlby proposed the concept of attachment for survival and protection
  • Harlow's experiments highlighted the importance of comfort and emotional security
  • Three main attachment styles according to Ainsworth: Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent
  • Bowlby's stages in grieving: Protest, Despair, and Detachment

Theory of Mind

  • Ability to understand that others have mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions) different from one's own; E-I-B sequence: emotions, intentions, and beliefs
  • False-belief task: Assessing ability to understand that others' beliefs can be false

Other Cognitive Abilities

  • Early word learning and concepts: Children extend words and concepts from limited experience
  • Criticism regarding the assessment of domain specificity of word extension

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development PDF

Description

This quiz explores Piaget's theory of cognitive development, detailing the four stages identified by him: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational. It also covers key concepts such as assimilation, accommodation, and the conservation task. Test your understanding of how children learn and develop through interactions.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser