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Questions and Answers
What is the primary distinction between competence and performance in the context of child theory?
What is the primary distinction between competence and performance in the context of child theory?
In the conservation task, why do most 5-year-olds choose the tall-thin beaker when asked about the amount of water?
In the conservation task, why do most 5-year-olds choose the tall-thin beaker when asked about the amount of water?
What is a key limitation of the pre-operational child indicated in Piaget's theory?
What is a key limitation of the pre-operational child indicated in Piaget's theory?
In the three mountains task, what ability are children lacking according to Piaget's findings?
In the three mountains task, what ability are children lacking according to Piaget's findings?
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What developmental stage allows children to perform operations but still requires concrete experience for learning?
What developmental stage allows children to perform operations but still requires concrete experience for learning?
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What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
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At what age do children typically pass conservation tasks related to mass according to Piaget?
At what age do children typically pass conservation tasks related to mass according to Piaget?
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Which of the following stages involves developing fine-motor skills and hand-eye coordination according to Piaget?
Which of the following stages involves developing fine-motor skills and hand-eye coordination according to Piaget?
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How does prior interaction with a subject affect a child's approach to drawing realism?
How does prior interaction with a subject affect a child's approach to drawing realism?
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Which type of realism is more likely to be used when two objects are similar but look different?
Which type of realism is more likely to be used when two objects are similar but look different?
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What does Piaget believe regarding children's engagement in fantasy thinking?
What does Piaget believe regarding children's engagement in fantasy thinking?
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What aspect does Piaget struggle to explain about the progression of cognitive stages?
What aspect does Piaget struggle to explain about the progression of cognitive stages?
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In Cox's study, what influenced children to use visual realism over intellectual realism?
In Cox's study, what influenced children to use visual realism over intellectual realism?
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What does gonadarche primarily signify in terms of physical development?
What does gonadarche primarily signify in terms of physical development?
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Which hormone increase is primarily responsible for the development of sex organs during puberty?
Which hormone increase is primarily responsible for the development of sex organs during puberty?
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Which of the following factors is associated with earlier menarche in girls?
Which of the following factors is associated with earlier menarche in girls?
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What effect do early life experiences such as sexual abuse have on puberty?
What effect do early life experiences such as sexual abuse have on puberty?
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What role do chemicals like flame retardants have on pubertal development?
What role do chemicals like flame retardants have on pubertal development?
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Which statement accurately describes the changes in grey and white matter during puberty?
Which statement accurately describes the changes in grey and white matter during puberty?
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What is the relationship between cortisol levels and stress during puberty?
What is the relationship between cortisol levels and stress during puberty?
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What social consequence is often associated with pubertal maturation?
What social consequence is often associated with pubertal maturation?
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What is the primary cause of Fragile X syndrome?
What is the primary cause of Fragile X syndrome?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What is a common intellectual profile associated with Williams Syndrome?
What is a common intellectual profile associated with Williams Syndrome?
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Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of autism?
Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of autism?
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What type of behavioral pattern is referred to as 'stimming' in autism?
What type of behavioral pattern is referred to as 'stimming' in autism?
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Which of these is a common emotional processing difficulty in individuals with autism?
Which of these is a common emotional processing difficulty in individuals with autism?
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Which of these statements accurately describes the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which of these statements accurately describes the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What is a noted con of the neurodiversity movement?
What is a noted con of the neurodiversity movement?
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What is the rate of effectiveness for stimulant medication in treating ADHD?
What is the rate of effectiveness for stimulant medication in treating ADHD?
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Which is not a potential treatment for oppositional defiant disorder?
Which is not a potential treatment for oppositional defiant disorder?
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What is a common cause of disruptive behavior disorders?
What is a common cause of disruptive behavior disorders?
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What condition is associated with a missing part of the X chromosome in girls?
What condition is associated with a missing part of the X chromosome in girls?
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What symptom is NOT associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome?
What symptom is NOT associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome?
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Which of the following is a defining criteria for diagnosing conduct disorder?
Which of the following is a defining criteria for diagnosing conduct disorder?
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How does Klinefelter Syndrome primarily manifest in males?
How does Klinefelter Syndrome primarily manifest in males?
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Which behavioral management strategy is suggested for dealing with disruptive behavior disorders?
Which behavioral management strategy is suggested for dealing with disruptive behavior disorders?
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What does a heritability measure of 0% indicate?
What does a heritability measure of 0% indicate?
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Which statement correctly describes the heritability of psychological traits?
Which statement correctly describes the heritability of psychological traits?
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What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?
What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?
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Which type of stress is characterized by a disruption of brain systems and chronic levels of stress?
Which type of stress is characterized by a disruption of brain systems and chronic levels of stress?
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What does DNA methylation involve?
What does DNA methylation involve?
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Which analogy is used to explain the mechanism of gene selection under pressure?
Which analogy is used to explain the mechanism of gene selection under pressure?
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What effect does high pre-bedtime cortisol elevation have on the brain?
What effect does high pre-bedtime cortisol elevation have on the brain?
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What is meant by the term 'heritable trait'?
What is meant by the term 'heritable trait'?
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Study Notes
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Piaget observed his own children to develop his theory
- Newborns have limited control over movements, low expression, and poor object focus
- Piaget believed children construct understanding through interaction
- Learning mechanisms: Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibration
- Four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), and Formal Operational (11-14)
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2): Sense-action learning; no mental representations; object permanence is not understood
- AnatB Error: Infants in this stage focus on procedures and lack object permanence
- Preoperational Stage (2-7): Mental representations emerge; however, limitations like egocentrism and lack of conservation skills exist.
- Conservation Task: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance (e.g., liquid poured into different-shaped containers).
- Preoperational children struggle with conservation due to limited ability to perform reverse operations
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11): Understanding of concrete operations but not formal ones; Can hold representations and perform actions; e.g. 3 mountains task
- Formal Operational Stage (11-14): Abstract, unbiased, and hypothetical thinking; can consider alternative possibilities and imagine different worlds.
Learning Mechanisms
- Assimilation: Incorporating new information into existing schemas
- Accommodation: Adjusting existing schemas to fit new information.
- Equilibration: Balance between assimilation and accommodation; leading to cognitive advancement
Critiques of Piaget
- Piaget overestimates the age at which certain skills develop
- His methods don't effectively distinguish between competence and performance
- He struggled to explain how transitions occur between stages
Brain Development and Cognitive Development
- There are 86 billion nerve cells in the brain
- Synaptic formation intensifies from birth to approximately age 2
- Long-range connections develop gradually
- Brain development leads to cognitive development in three ways:
- Maturational account: increased brain activity in specific areas
- Interactive specialization account: Coordination of long-range brain networks
- Skill learning account: development of EF's needed to learn new skills
Theories of Nature and Nurture
- Nature: Genes, biological biases, and brain development influence gender roles
- Nurture: Gendered world, learning outcomes, and shaping of gender roles
Gender Identity Development
- Gender Identity: Recognition and labeling as a boy or a girl (2-3 years)
- Gender Stability: Understanding that gender remains consistent over time (3-4 years)
- Gender Constancy: Understanding that gender is unchanging (5-7 years)
Attachment Theory
- Bowlby proposed the concept of attachment for survival and protection
- Harlow's experiments highlighted the importance of comfort and emotional security
- Three main attachment styles according to Ainsworth: Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent
- Bowlby's stages in grieving: Protest, Despair, and Detachment
Theory of Mind
- Ability to understand that others have mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions) different from one's own; E-I-B sequence: emotions, intentions, and beliefs
- False-belief task: Assessing ability to understand that others' beliefs can be false
Other Cognitive Abilities
- Early word learning and concepts: Children extend words and concepts from limited experience
- Criticism regarding the assessment of domain specificity of word extension
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Description
This quiz explores Piaget's theory of cognitive development, detailing the four stages identified by him: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational. It also covers key concepts such as assimilation, accommodation, and the conservation task. Test your understanding of how children learn and develop through interactions.