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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
What occurs when existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?
What occurs when existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
At what age do children typically start to understand cause and effect in the sensorimotor stage?
At what age do children typically start to understand cause and effect in the sensorimotor stage?
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What is the characteristic of a preoperational child?
What is the characteristic of a preoperational child?
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What is the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
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What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
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What is the stage during which children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
What is the stage during which children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
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According to Piaget, at what age does the child develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?
According to Piaget, at what age does the child develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?
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What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?
What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?
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What is the primary criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is the primary criticism of Piaget's theory?
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What is the purpose of 'scaffolding' in education?
What is the purpose of 'scaffolding' in education?
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What is the role of language in cognitive development, according to Vygotsky?
What is the role of language in cognitive development, according to Vygotsky?
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At what stage of cognitive development does a child understand that cartoon characters are not real people?
At what stage of cognitive development does a child understand that cartoon characters are not real people?
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What is the term for the range of knowledge that a learner can acquire with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other?
What is the term for the range of knowledge that a learner can acquire with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other?
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What is the characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?
What is the characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?
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What is the primary component of self-concept?
What is the primary component of self-concept?
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At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
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What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
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What is the opposite of egocentrism?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
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What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
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What is the primary aspect of the Bodily Self?
What is the primary aspect of the Bodily Self?
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What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
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What is the key characteristic of Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality?
What is the key characteristic of Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality?
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Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?
Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?
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At what stage does one's sense of right and wrong start to influence by universal moral principles?
At what stage does one's sense of right and wrong start to influence by universal moral principles?
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What is the term for the evaluation of one's own worth?
What is the term for the evaluation of one's own worth?
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What is self-efficacy in the context of motivation and behavior?
What is self-efficacy in the context of motivation and behavior?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?
What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?
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What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
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What is the primary focus of Level 2: Conventional Morality?
What is the primary focus of Level 2: Conventional Morality?
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What is the primary function of the Ideal Self?
What is the primary function of the Ideal Self?
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Study Notes
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory:
- Schemas: basic building blocks of cognitive models, enabling mental representation
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and transition between stages
- Stages of development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploration through senses and motor activity
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and communication, distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): increasing abstract reasoning and ability to generalize
- Formal Operations (12-15 years): adult thinking, hypothetical situations, and scientific reasoning
Criticisms of Piaget
- Methodological flaws in tasks
- Underestimation of cultural impact on cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Emphasizes social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language:
- Represents reality and distances individuals from the present
- Enables communication and social interaction
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child's actual developmental level
- Upper limit: level of potential skill with assistance
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs
- Self-concept: perception of oneself
- Development of self-understanding throughout lifespan
Self-Recognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
- Recognition of self in mirrors at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months
- By 18-20 months, children recognize their mirror image
- By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through behavior and language
Self-Concept in Childhood and Adolescence
- Early childhood: concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, and overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions, and realistic self-assessment
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of right and wrong, good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Pre-conventional Morality (Stages 1-2): punishment obedience, instrumental relativist orientation
- Conventional Morality (Stages 3-4): good boy-nice girl orientation, law and order orientation
- Post-Conventional Morality (Stages 5-6): social contract orientation, universal ethical principle orientation
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Description
Test your understanding of cognitive development and Piaget's Cognitive Theory, including schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.
