32 Questions
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
To organize and represent knowledge
What occurs when existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?
Equilibrium
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
Egocentrism
At what age do children typically start to understand cause and effect in the sensorimotor stage?
Around 1-2 years
What is the characteristic of a preoperational child?
Lacks logical thought
What is the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
Accommodation
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
Assimilation
What is the stage during which children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
Sensorimotor Stage
According to Piaget, at what age does the child develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?
7-11 years old
What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?
Upper Limit
What is the primary criticism of Piaget's theory?
Underestimated the impact of culture
What is the purpose of 'scaffolding' in education?
To provide individualized support
What is the role of language in cognitive development, according to Vygotsky?
Enables us to communicate with each other
At what stage of cognitive development does a child understand that cartoon characters are not real people?
Pre-operational Stage
What is the term for the range of knowledge that a learner can acquire with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other?
Zone of Proximal Development
What is the characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?
Thinks abstractly and reasons scientifically
What is the primary component of self-concept?
Self-perception
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Overestimation of abilities
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
Perspective taking
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Internal trait descriptions
What is the primary aspect of the Bodily Self?
Physical health and well-being
What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
Self-awareness
What is the key characteristic of Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality?
Consequences of acts determine morality
Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers
At what stage does one's sense of right and wrong start to influence by universal moral principles?
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
What is the term for the evaluation of one's own worth?
Self-worth
What is self-efficacy in the context of motivation and behavior?
Confidence in one's ability to exert control over motivation and behavior
What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?
Intelligence and decision-making abilities
What is a moral dilemma?
An ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision
What is the primary focus of Level 2: Conventional Morality?
Concern for others' opinions
What is the primary function of the Ideal Self?
To become the kind of person one would like to be
Study Notes
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory:
- Schemas: basic building blocks of cognitive models, enabling mental representation
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and transition between stages
- Stages of development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploration through senses and motor activity
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and communication, distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): increasing abstract reasoning and ability to generalize
- Formal Operations (12-15 years): adult thinking, hypothetical situations, and scientific reasoning
Criticisms of Piaget
- Methodological flaws in tasks
- Underestimation of cultural impact on cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Emphasizes social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language:
- Represents reality and distances individuals from the present
- Enables communication and social interaction
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child's actual developmental level
- Upper limit: level of potential skill with assistance
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs
- Self-concept: perception of oneself
- Development of self-understanding throughout lifespan
Self-Recognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
- Recognition of self in mirrors at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months
- By 18-20 months, children recognize their mirror image
- By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through behavior and language
Self-Concept in Childhood and Adolescence
- Early childhood: concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, and overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions, and realistic self-assessment
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of right and wrong, good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Pre-conventional Morality (Stages 1-2): punishment obedience, instrumental relativist orientation
- Conventional Morality (Stages 3-4): good boy-nice girl orientation, law and order orientation
- Post-Conventional Morality (Stages 5-6): social contract orientation, universal ethical principle orientation
Test your understanding of cognitive development and Piaget's Cognitive Theory, including schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.
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