Physiology of the Heart and Shock Mechanisms

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during systole in the heart?

The left ventricle contracts and forces blood into the aorta. (correct)

The heart is relaxed and filling with blood.

The heart muscle is undergoing oxygen deprivation.

The right ventricle ejects blood into the pulmonary artery.

What is hypoperfusion commonly referred to as?

Hyperemia

Cardiac arrest

Shock (correct)

Systolic failure

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of shock?

Increased physical activity (correct)

Pump failure

Large blood loss

Vessel adjustment failure

What does adequate perfusion ensure for cells?

Metabolic needs are met Signup and view all the answers

What can result from impaired oxygen delivery due to shock?

Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvis?

To protect the spinal column and reproductive organs Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is located on the thumb side of the forearm?

Radius Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type is characterized as striated and facilitates voluntary movement?

Skeletal Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Achilles tendon connect?

To the calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cardiac muscle?

To pump blood throughout the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which bone connects to the elbow and is located on the pinky side?

Ulna Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges in context of human anatomy?

Bones in the fingers and toes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common area for sprains?

Tarsals Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spine is located in the neck?

Cervical Spine Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs are considered true ribs?

7 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for rotation of nearly 360 degrees?

Ball in Socket Joint Signup and view all the answers

Where is the xiphoid process located?

At the lowest point of the sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which joint connects the clavicle to the sternum?

Sternoclavicular Joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synovial fluid in joints?

Acts as a lubricant for joint movement Signup and view all the answers

Which spine section is fused with the pelvis?

Sacral Spine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of rib?

Broken Ribs Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for flexing the lower leg?

Biceps Femoris Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle movement is defined as movement that one cannot control?

Involuntary Movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles plays a role in the flexion of the spine?

Rectus Abdominis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Gastrocnemius muscle?

Points foot away from the head Signup and view all the answers

What movement is characterized by pointing the foot downward?

Plantar Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a protective flap for the trachea during swallowing?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles?

Move ribs for breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the action of moving an extremity back to the side of the body?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate range for an adult?

60-100 HR Signup and view all the answers

Which valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid Valve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is commonly referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial Node Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

To prevent inversion of the valves Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of cardiac output?

The amount of blood moved in one minute Signup and view all the answers

During what phase do the electrical charges on the muscle cell surfaces change from positive to negative?

Depolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system?

Return oxygenated blood to the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Frontal (Coronal) Plane Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a position towards the surface of the tissues of the body?

Superficial Signup and view all the answers

Which body position involves lying face down?

Prone Signup and view all the answers

In which direction is the lateral movement moving?

Away from the midline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

Provides structure and shape Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage?

Axial Skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term 'distal'?

Away from the point of attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is described as the large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord leaves the brain?

Foramen Magnum Signup and view all the answers

What is the position called when an individual is lying on their back?

Supine Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'apex' refer to in human anatomy?

The tip of a structure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Anatomy

Directional Analysis: Study of anatomical directions and terms to describe locations and relationships within the body.

Standard Anatomical Position

A reference position with the body erect, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

Body Planes & Directions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right portions. The midline is an imaginary line down the center. Lateral refers to moving away from the midline.
Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Directional Terms

Distal: Away from the point of attachment.
Proximal: Toward the point of attachment.
Deep: Further into the tissues of the body.
Superficial: Toward the surface of the body.
Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.
Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.
Superior: Above a structure.
Inferior: Below a structure.
Medial: Toward the middle or center.
Lateral: Away from the middle or center.
Apex: Tip of a structure.
Palmar: Palm of the hand.
Plantar: Sole of the foot.
Axillary: Armpit area.

Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity: Cranial cavity housing the brain, and spinal cavity housing the spinal cord; Ventral Cavity: Thoracic (heart, lungs), Abdominal (stomach, intestines), and Pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs) cavities.

Abdominal Quadrants

RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant): Includes the liver, gallbladder, part of the colon, etc...
LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant): Consists of the stomach, spleen, part of the colon, etc..
RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant): Contains parts of the large intestine, small intestine, appendix, and female reproductiveorgans.
LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant): Houses the large intestine, small intestine, and female reproductive organs.

Patient Positioning

Supine: Lying on the back (face up)
Prone: Lying on the stomach (face down)
Trendelenburg: Lying on the back with the feet elevated above the head
Reverse Trendelenburg: Lying on the back with the head elevated above the feet
Fowler's/Semi or High: Lying on the back with the head elevated at a 30-45-degree angle.
Lithotomy: Lying on the back with legs raised and supported, often used for gynecological procedures.
Shock Position: Lying on the back with legs elevated and a cushion or elevated surface beneath the hips, often used for patients in shock.

Skeletal System Overview

Axial Skeleton: The foundational skeleton composed of the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage.
Appendicular Skeleton: The arms, legs, and their connection points, along with the pelvis. Also includes joints/articulations.

Cranium

Foramen Magnum: Large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord emerges.
Occipital Bone: Bone at the back of the skull. Also refers to a specific muscle and major arteries.
Temporal Bones: Bones on the sides of the skull.
Parietal Bones: Bones on the top of the skull.
Frontal Bone: Bone at the front of the skull.
Maxilla: Upper jaw bone.
Mandible: Lower jaw bone.
Zygomatic Bones: Cheekbones.
Nasal Bones: Bones forming the bridge of the nose.
Orbitals: Eye sockets.
Mastoids: Bones behind the ears.

Spinal Column

Vertebrae: Stacked spinal bones that support posture and protect the spinal cord. Contains Cervical (Neck), Thoracic (Chest), Lumber (Lower back), Sacral, and Coccyx (Tailbone) spines.
Specific sections of the vertebral column are listed above

Thorax (Rib Cage)

Ribs: Twelve pairs of ribs. True ribs (1-7 attach directly to sternum), False Ribs (8-10 attach indirectly), Floating Ribs (11-12 do not connect) make the thoracic cavity.
Sternum: Breastbone; located in the middle of the thoracic cavity, composed of Manubrium (Upper), Body (Middle), and Xiphoid Process (Lower) portions.

Joints (Articulations)

Symphysis: Joints with very limited motion, connected by fibrous connective tissue (e.g., pubic symphysis).
Sacroiliac Joint: Joins the Ilium to the Sacrum in the pelvis.
Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones at joints to reduce friction.
Synovial Membrane & Fluid: Fluid within a joint capsule that lubricates and cushions movement.
Ball-and-Socket Joint: Allows for almost 360 degrees of rotation (shoulder, hip)
Hinge Joint: Allows flexion and extension (elbow, knee, fingers).

Cardiovascular System

The Pump: The heart (located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs) contracts approximately 100,000 times per day and pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood. Contains four tissue layers.
- Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
- Chambers include Atria and Ventricles
- Valves include Tricuspid, Mitral (Bicuspid), Pulmonary Semilunar, and Aortic
- Heart has four tissue layers
Arteries: The vessels that carry blood away from the heart (e.g., aorta, coronary arteries, carotid arteries, renal arteries).
Veins: The vessels that return blood to the heart. The vena cava (superior and inferior) return blood to the heart. Other key veins include pulmonary veins & coronary veins.
Capillaries: Tiny vessels that connect arterioles to venules, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange.
Blood: A connective tissue carrying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste. Contains erythrocytes (Red blood cells), leukocytes (White blood cells), platelets, and plasma.
Blood Pressure: The force exerted against the walls of the arteries. Systolic (during contraction) and Diastolic (relaxation).

Respiratory System

Upper Airway: Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity), Oropharynx(behind the mouth), Pharynx (back of throat), Mouth, Epiglottis, Larynx.
Lower Airway: Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi (branches), Bronchioles (smaller branches), Alveoli (sacs for gas exchange).
Ventilation and Respiration: Movement of air into and out of the lungs and the exchange of gasses between the air and blood.
Lungs: Divided into lobes, they inflate and deflate due to diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Surfaces include visceral and parietal pleura.

Muscular System

Categories, location (anterior/posterior, etc), main actions.
Example: Biceps brachii (anterior humerus), flexion of forearm.
Muscle Types: Skeletal (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), Cardiac (heart).
Major muscle groups
Movement types: Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Pronation, Supination, Flexion, and Extension.

Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Reticular Activating System, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All the nerves outside the CNS
- Somatic nervous system (voluntary movement), Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) with further branches.

Integumentary System

Layers:
- Epidermis (outermost, protective layer)
- Dermis (middle, with structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves)
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue, with adipose tissue, blood vessels)
Skin Eruptions: Macules, Papules, Vesicles, Pustules, Crusts, Wheals, Cysts, and Ulcers.
Burns: Classified by degree (first, second, third, fourth).

Digestive System

Basic Function: Processes food for nutrient absorption and waste removal. Includes mechanical and chemical digestion, with digestive organs located in abdominal quadrants.

Endocrine System

Mechanism: Chemical signaling and control using hormones
Important Glands: Adrenal, Ovaries, Testes, Pancreas, Pituitary, and Thyroid

Lymphatic System

Mechanism: Support to circulatory and immune systems
Key Components: Lymph, Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, and Thymus

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Description

This quiz focuses on the physiological processes of the heart during systole and the concepts related to shock and hypoperfusion. Test your understanding of what constitutes adequate perfusion and the consequences of impaired oxygen delivery. Perfect for students studying cardiovascular physiology or related health sciences.