Physiology of the Heart and Shock Mechanisms

Human Anatomy

• Directional Analysis: Study of anatomical directions and terms to describe locations and relationships within the body.

Standard Anatomical Position

• A reference position with the body erect, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

Body Planes & Directions

• Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right portions. The midline is an imaginary line down the center. Lateral refers to moving away from the midline.
• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Directional Terms

• Distal: Away from the point of attachment.
• Proximal: Toward the point of attachment.
• Deep: Further into the tissues of the body.
• Superficial: Toward the surface of the body.
• Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.
• Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.
• Superior: Above a structure.
• Inferior: Below a structure.
• Medial: Toward the middle or center.
• Lateral: Away from the middle or center.
• Apex: Tip of a structure.
• Palmar: Palm of the hand.
• Plantar: Sole of the foot.
• Axillary: Armpit area.

Body Cavities

• Dorsal Cavity: Cranial cavity housing the brain, and spinal cavity housing the spinal cord; Ventral Cavity: Thoracic (heart, lungs), Abdominal (stomach, intestines), and Pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs) cavities.

Abdominal Quadrants

• RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant): Includes the liver, gallbladder, part of the colon, etc...
• LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant): Consists of the stomach, spleen, part of the colon, etc..
• RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant): Contains parts of the large intestine, small intestine, appendix, and female reproductiveorgans.
• LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant): Houses the large intestine, small intestine, and female reproductive organs.

Patient Positioning

• Supine: Lying on the back (face up)
• Prone: Lying on the stomach (face down)
• Trendelenburg: Lying on the back with the feet elevated above the head
• Reverse Trendelenburg: Lying on the back with the head elevated above the feet
• Fowler's/Semi or High: Lying on the back with the head elevated at a 30-45-degree angle.
• Lithotomy: Lying on the back with legs raised and supported, often used for gynecological procedures.
• Shock Position: Lying on the back with legs elevated and a cushion or elevated surface beneath the hips, often used for patients in shock.

Skeletal System Overview

• Axial Skeleton: The foundational skeleton composed of the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage.
• Appendicular Skeleton: The arms, legs, and their connection points, along with the pelvis. Also includes joints/articulations.

Cranium

• Foramen Magnum: Large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord emerges.
• Occipital Bone: Bone at the back of the skull. Also refers to a specific muscle and major arteries.
• Temporal Bones: Bones on the sides of the skull.
• Parietal Bones: Bones on the top of the skull.
• Frontal Bone: Bone at the front of the skull.
• Maxilla: Upper jaw bone.
• Mandible: Lower jaw bone.
• Zygomatic Bones: Cheekbones.
• Nasal Bones: Bones forming the bridge of the nose.
• Orbitals: Eye sockets.
• Mastoids: Bones behind the ears.

Spinal Column

• Vertebrae: Stacked spinal bones that support posture and protect the spinal cord. Contains Cervical (Neck), Thoracic (Chest), Lumber (Lower back), Sacral, and Coccyx (Tailbone) spines.
• Specific sections of the vertebral column are listed above

Thorax (Rib Cage)

• Ribs: Twelve pairs of ribs. True ribs (1-7 attach directly to sternum), False Ribs (8-10 attach indirectly), Floating Ribs (11-12 do not connect) make the thoracic cavity.
• Sternum: Breastbone; located in the middle of the thoracic cavity, composed of Manubrium (Upper), Body (Middle), and Xiphoid Process (Lower) portions.

Joints (Articulations)

• Symphysis: Joints with very limited motion, connected by fibrous connective tissue (e.g., pubic symphysis).
• Sacroiliac Joint: Joins the Ilium to the Sacrum in the pelvis.
• Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones at joints to reduce friction.
• Synovial Membrane & Fluid: Fluid within a joint capsule that lubricates and cushions movement.
• Ball-and-Socket Joint: Allows for almost 360 degrees of rotation (shoulder, hip)
• Hinge Joint: Allows flexion and extension (elbow, knee, fingers).

Cardiovascular System

• The Pump: The heart (located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs) contracts approximately 100,000 times per day and pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood. Contains four tissue layers.
  • Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
  • Chambers include Atria and Ventricles
  • Valves include Tricuspid, Mitral (Bicuspid), Pulmonary Semilunar, and Aortic
  • Heart has four tissue layers
• Arteries: The vessels that carry blood away from the heart (e.g., aorta, coronary arteries, carotid arteries, renal arteries).
• Veins: The vessels that return blood to the heart. The vena cava (superior and inferior) return blood to the heart. Other key veins include pulmonary veins & coronary veins.
• Capillaries: Tiny vessels that connect arterioles to venules, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange.
• Blood: A connective tissue carrying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste. Contains erythrocytes (Red blood cells), leukocytes (White blood cells), platelets, and plasma.
• Blood Pressure: The force exerted against the walls of the arteries. Systolic (during contraction) and Diastolic (relaxation).

Respiratory System

• Upper Airway: Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity), Oropharynx(behind the mouth), Pharynx (back of throat), Mouth, Epiglottis, Larynx.
• Lower Airway: Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi (branches), Bronchioles (smaller branches), Alveoli (sacs for gas exchange).
• Ventilation and Respiration: Movement of air into and out of the lungs and the exchange of gasses between the air and blood.
• Lungs: Divided into lobes, they inflate and deflate due to diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
• Surfaces include visceral and parietal pleura.

Muscular System

• Categories, location (anterior/posterior, etc), main actions.
• Example: Biceps brachii (anterior humerus), flexion of forearm.
• Muscle Types: Skeletal (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), Cardiac (heart).
• Major muscle groups
• Movement types: Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Pronation, Supination, Flexion, and Extension.

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
  • Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Reticular Activating System, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All the nerves outside the CNS
  • Somatic nervous system (voluntary movement), Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) with further branches.

Integumentary System

• Layers:
  • Epidermis (outermost, protective layer)
  • Dermis (middle, with structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves)
  • Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue, with adipose tissue, blood vessels)
• Skin Eruptions: Macules, Papules, Vesicles, Pustules, Crusts, Wheals, Cysts, and Ulcers.
• Burns: Classified by degree (first, second, third, fourth).

Digestive System

• Basic Function: Processes food for nutrient absorption and waste removal. Includes mechanical and chemical digestion, with digestive organs located in abdominal quadrants.

Endocrine System

• Mechanism: Chemical signaling and control using hormones
• Important Glands: Adrenal, Ovaries, Testes, Pancreas, Pituitary, and Thyroid

Lymphatic System

• Mechanism: Support to circulatory and immune systems
• Key Components: Lymph, Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, and Thymus

This quiz focuses on the physiological processes of the heart during systole and the concepts related to shock and hypoperfusion. Test your understanding of what constitutes adequate perfusion and the consequences of impaired oxygen delivery. Perfect for students studying cardiovascular physiology or related health sciences.