Senses, Endocrine, Blood and the heart
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Questions and Answers

When an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor, a(n) _____ potential develops in the receptor's membrane.

  • sensory
  • action
  • resting
  • receptor (correct)

    • The web-like arrangements of free nerve endings that surround hair follicles and detect movement are

  • Krause end bulbs
  • Root hair plexuses (correct)
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Merkel discs

    • The category of receptors that are activated by intense stimuli of any type that result in tissue damage is

  • osmoreceptors.
  • nociceptors (correct)
  • mechanoreceptos
  • thermoreceptors

    • Which type of receptor is found only in the eye?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general (somatic) sensory receptors may be classified anatomically as either

    <p>Free nerve endings or encapsulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two types of nerve fibers carry pain impulses from nociceptors to the brain?

    <p>Somatic and visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of deep or visceral pain that develops more slowly over time travels over

    <p>B fibers and is often described as dull or aching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Free nerve endings called _____ mediate sensations of heat and cold.

    <p>thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two types of stretch receptors are associated with muscles and tendons and are classified as proprioceptors?

    <p>Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensations produced by the receptors of general sense organs are often called the

    <p>Somatic senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a group (classified by location) of receptors?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activation of which two types of proprioceptors allows us to orient our bodies in space and provides us with positional information about specific body parts while at rest or during movement?

    <p>Tonic and phasic proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neural pathways in tickle involve both the _____ and _____ before the impulses reach the cerebral cortex.

    <p>thalamus; hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tactile corpuscles are encapsulated tactile end organs, also called

    <p>Meissner corpuscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proprioceptor is located at the point of junction between muscle tissue and tendon

    <p>Tendon organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial support cells, basal cells, and olfactory sensory neurons can be located in the

    <p>olfactory epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of tongue papillae are bumps with tiny, threadlike projections that do not contain taste buds?

    <p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ear is divided into which three anatomical parts?

    <p>External, Middle, and Inner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tiny bones found in the middle ear are the

    <p>ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the

    <p>semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the

    <p>Crista ampullaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost coat of the eyeball is the

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transparent, anterior portion of the outer coat of the eyeball is called the

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cones are less numerous than rods and are densely concentrated in the

    <p>Fovea Centralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intrinsic muscles located within the eye are the _____ muscles.

    <p>Iris and ciliary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accommodation for near vision necessitates

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As people grow older, they tend to become farsighted. This condition is called

    <p>Hyperopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is

    <p>Endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substance that fills both chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye is the

    <p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is a progressive hearing loss that is associated with aging and results from degeneration of nerve tissue in the ear and the vestibulocochlear nerve.

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuroendocrine system performs all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In _____, one hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone.

    <p>Antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Unused hormones usually are quickly excreted by the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the hypothesis, steroid hormone receptors are not attached to the plasma membrane but seem to move freely in the nucleoplasm.

    <p>Mobile- receptor model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a(n) what?

    <p>Negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Not all nonsteriod hormones operate according to the second messenger model. The exception is the pair of thyroid hormones called

    <p>thyroxine and triiodothyronine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eicosanoids are a unique group of lipid molecules that include

    <p>All of the Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a group, prostaglandins are involved in overall endocrine regulation through their influence on

    <p>adenyl cyclase interaction within the cell’s plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue hormones act as regulators, synthesize blood platelets, and are important in blood clotting?

    <p>Thromboxane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormones to signal specific

    <p>target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones can be classified as either

    <p>steroid or nonsteriod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are nonsteroid hormones?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a small amount of hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell, the phenomenon is called

    <p>Permissiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If synthesis of new receptors occurs faster than degradation of old receptors, the target cell will have more receptors and thus be more sensitive to the hormone. This phenomenon is called

    <p>Up regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue hormones act as regulators of immunity?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adenohypophysis is divided into which two parts?

    <p>Pars anterior and pars intermedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation and activity of the corpus luteum result from the secretion of

    <p>luteinizing hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases calcium storage in bone?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of aldosterone is

    <p>sodium homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ serves as a temporary endocrine gland and produces human chorionic gonadotropin hormone.

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyposecretion of prolactin can cause

    <p>insufficient milk production in nursing women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of cells of the adenohypophysis secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone?

    <p>Gonadotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the growth hormone affect metabolism? select all that apply

    <p>Promotes protein anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone prevents the formation of a large volume of urine?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic hormone tends to promote the movement of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the tissue cells?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ accelerate(s) the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

    <p>Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body’s “biological clock” is supported by the

    <p>pineal gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are stored and released by the

    <p>neurohypophysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone develops the breasts during pregnancy in anticipation of milk secretion?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stem-like stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus is the ( select all that apply)

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as

    <p>Hematopoietic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is

    <p>Erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called

    <p>chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets play an important role in

    <p>blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term blood type refers to the type of what blood cell component?

    <p>Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are components critical to coagulation except

    <p>They are all critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as

    <p>Fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of

    <p>prothrombin activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are granulocytes except

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease that develops as a result of the reaction of a mother's Rh antibodies with her Rh-positive offspring is

    <p>Erythroblastosis fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the

    <p>Endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins.

    <p>Receiving chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called

    <p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the

    <p>left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? ( select all that apply)

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the

    <p>SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and subendocardial branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called

    <p>Semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A graphic record of the heart's electrical activity is

    <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a

    <p>E Wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is

    <p>A heart murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Receptors and Sensations

    • A receptor generates a potential in its membrane when an adequate stimulus acts on it.
    • Web-like arrangements of free nerve endings surround hair follicles and detect movement.
    • The category of receptors activated by intense stimuli resulting in tissue damage is nociceptors.
    • The type of receptor found only in the eye is photoreceptors.
    • General somatic sensory receptors are classified anatomically as either free nerve endings or encapsulated receptors.
    • A-delta and C nerve fibers carry pain impulses from nociceptors to the brain.
    • Free nerve endings called thermoreceptors mediate sensations of heat and cold.
    • Two types of stretch receptors associated with muscles and tendons are proprioceptors.
    • Sensations produced by general sense organs are often called somatic sensations.

    Eye and Ear

    • The innermost coat of the eyeball is the retina.
    • The transparent, anterior portion of the outer coat of the eyeball is called the cornea.
    • Cones are less numerous than rods and are densely concentrated in the fovea centralis.
    • The intrinsic muscles located within the eye are the ciliary muscles.
    • Accommodation for near vision necessitates contraction of the ciliary muscles.
    • As people grow older, they tend to become farsighted, a condition called presbyopia.
    • The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is endolymph.
    • The substance that fills both chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye is the aqueous humor.
    • Presbycusis is a progressive hearing loss associated with aging and results from degeneration of nerve tissue in the ear and the vestibulocochlear nerve.

    Neuroendocrine System

    • The control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop.
    • Not all nonsteroid hormones operate according to the second messenger model, except for thyroid hormones.
    • Eicosanoids are a unique group of lipid molecules that include prostaglandins.
    • Prostaglandins are involved in overall endocrine regulation through their influence on smooth muscle contraction.
    • Tissue hormones, such as thrombopoietin, act as regulators and synthesize blood platelets, and are important in blood clotting.
    • Hormones can be classified as either steroid or nonsteroid hormones.
    • When a small amount of hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell, the phenomenon is called permissiveness.
    • If synthesis of new receptors occurs faster than degradation of old receptors, the target cell will have more receptors and thus be more sensitive to the hormone, a phenomenon called up-regulation.

    Endocrine System

    • The adenohypophysis is divided into two parts: the pars distalis and the pars intermedia.
    • The formation and activity of the corpus luteum result from the secretion of luteinizing hormone.
    • Calcitonin increases calcium storage in bone.
    • The primary function of aldosterone is to regulate electrolyte balance and blood volume.
    • The corpus luteum serves as a temporary endocrine gland and produces human chorionic gonadotropin hormone.
    • Hyposecretion of prolactin can cause lactation difficulties.
    • Gonadotropes of the adenohypophysis secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
    • Growth hormone affects metabolism by increasing protein synthesis and promoting lipolysis.
    • Antidiuretic hormone prevents the formation of a large volume of urine.
    • Insulin promotes the movement of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the tissue cells.

    Blood

    • The body's “biological clock” is supported by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
    • Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are stored and released by the neurohypophysis.
    • Prolactin develops the breasts during pregnancy in anticipation of milk secretion.
    • The stem-like stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus is the infundibular stalk.
    • Hematocrit is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.
    • Hemoglobin is the molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment.
    • Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as erythroblasts.
    • Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues.

    Blood Cells

    • Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic, and migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces through a process called diapedesis.
    • A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called leukopenia.
    • Platelets play an important role in blood clotting.
    • The term blood type refers to the type of antigen present on the surface of red blood cells.
    • All of the following are components critical to coagulation except platelets.
    • Heparin is a natural constituent of blood that acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels.
    • The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as fibrinolysis.

    Heart

    • The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the pericardium.
    • The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the myocardium.
    • The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the endothelium.
    • Atria are often called receiving chambers because they receive blood from vessels called veins.
    • Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called valves.
    • After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the left atrium.
    • The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart to slow down the heart rate.
    • The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
    • The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the sinoatrial node.
    • The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called semilunar valves.
    • Myocardial cells receive blood from coronary arteries.
    • A graphic record of the heart's electrical activity is an electrocardiogram (ECG).
    • A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is a murmur.

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