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Questions and Answers
Which of the following forces is responsible for pulling fluid into the capillary?
Which of the following forces is responsible for pulling fluid into the capillary?
An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure promotes fluid movement out of the capillary.
An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure promotes fluid movement out of the capillary.
True (A)
What is the primary cause of edema?
What is the primary cause of edema?
An imbalance in the forces that govern fluid movement between the capillaries and the interstitial space.
A decrease in the production of ______ can lead to a decrease in capillary oncotic pressure.
A decrease in the production of ______ can lead to a decrease in capillary oncotic pressure.
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Match the following forces with their corresponding effect on fluid movement:
Match the following forces with their corresponding effect on fluid movement:
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Which of the following conditions could contribute to edema?
Which of the following conditions could contribute to edema?
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Vasodilation can increase capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Vasodilation can increase capillary hydrostatic pressure.
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How does histamine contribute to edema?
How does histamine contribute to edema?
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What happens to the respiratory rate in metabolic acidosis?
What happens to the respiratory rate in metabolic acidosis?
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Excessive use of antacids can contribute to metabolic alkalosis.
Excessive use of antacids can contribute to metabolic alkalosis.
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What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis?
What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis?
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Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a higher ______ to carbonic acid ratio in the blood.
Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a higher ______ to carbonic acid ratio in the blood.
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Match the following conditions with their associated changes in respiratory rate.
Match the following conditions with their associated changes in respiratory rate.
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Which of these is NOT a mechanism by which the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances?
Which of these is NOT a mechanism by which the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances?
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Uncompensated metabolic acidosis can lead to CNS depression.
Uncompensated metabolic acidosis can lead to CNS depression.
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What are the two most important excretory systems for pH balance?
What are the two most important excretory systems for pH balance?
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Hypoventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis.
Hypoventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis.
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What are the two primary mechanisms by which the body compensates for acid-base imbalances?
What are the two primary mechanisms by which the body compensates for acid-base imbalances?
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What happens when carbon dioxide dissolves in water?
What happens when carbon dioxide dissolves in water?
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The HCO3/CO2 buffer system is essential for maintaining a balanced pH by rapidly adjusting to changes in ______ and ______.
The HCO3/CO2 buffer system is essential for maintaining a balanced pH by rapidly adjusting to changes in ______ and ______.
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Match the following conditions with their corresponding system failure:
Match the following conditions with their corresponding system failure:
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The ______ fluid compartment is located inside cells.
The ______ fluid compartment is located inside cells.
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The primary cation in the extracellular fluid is Potassium.
The primary cation in the extracellular fluid is Potassium.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of Sodium (Na+)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of Sodium (Na+)?
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What is the term used to describe a solution with a higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid?
What is the term used to describe a solution with a higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid?
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What is the normal range for serum Sodium levels?
What is the normal range for serum Sodium levels?
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Hypernatremia can be caused by excessive water intake.
Hypernatremia can be caused by excessive water intake.
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List three possible causes of Hyponatremia.
List three possible causes of Hyponatremia.
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The primary ECF anion is ______.
The primary ECF anion is ______.
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Which of the following is a potential cause of Hypochloremia?
Which of the following is a potential cause of Hypochloremia?
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Potassium is primarily found in the extracellular fluid.
Potassium is primarily found in the extracellular fluid.
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Match the electrolyte imbalances with their respective effects on resting potential.
Match the electrolyte imbalances with their respective effects on resting potential.
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Acidosis causes a shift of K+ from the ______ to the ______.
Acidosis causes a shift of K+ from the ______ to the ______.
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What is the primary acid-base disturbance in Patient 1?
What is the primary acid-base disturbance in Patient 1?
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Patient 2 is experiencing full compensation of their acid-base disturbance.
Patient 2 is experiencing full compensation of their acid-base disturbance.
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What is the likely cause of the respiratory alkalosis in Patient 2?
What is the likely cause of the respiratory alkalosis in Patient 2?
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Patient 3 is experiencing a ______ of their metabolic acidosis.
Patient 3 is experiencing a ______ of their metabolic acidosis.
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Match the following patients with the type of acid-base disturbance and compensation they are experiencing:
Match the following patients with the type of acid-base disturbance and compensation they are experiencing:
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Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a higher than normal concentration of ______ in the blood.
Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a higher than normal concentration of ______ in the blood.
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Match the following conditions with the corresponding acid-base imbalance:
Match the following conditions with the corresponding acid-base imbalance:
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In metabolic acidosis, the kidneys attempt to compensate by retaining more bicarbonate ions.
In metabolic acidosis, the kidneys attempt to compensate by retaining more bicarbonate ions.
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Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
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What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?
What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?
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What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
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The primary ECF cation is Potassium (K+).
The primary ECF cation is Potassium (K+).
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What is the normal range for serum Sodium (Na+) levels?
What is the normal range for serum Sodium (Na+) levels?
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Hypernatremia, an elevated sodium level in the blood, can be caused by excessive ______ or inadequate ______ intake.
Hypernatremia, an elevated sodium level in the blood, can be caused by excessive ______ or inadequate ______ intake.
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What is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment represents approximately one-third of total body water.
The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment represents approximately one-third of total body water.
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A solution with a higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid is considered ______.
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid is considered ______.
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Hypokalemia leads to a decreased excitability of the cell membrane by lowering the resting potential.
Hypokalemia leads to a decreased excitability of the cell membrane by lowering the resting potential.
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What is the primary ECF anion?
What is the primary ECF anion?
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Acidosis causes a shift of potassium from the ______ to the ______.
Acidosis causes a shift of potassium from the ______ to the ______.
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Hypocalcemia increases muscle excitability by decreasing the threshold potential.
Hypocalcemia increases muscle excitability by decreasing the threshold potential.
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Match the following conditions with their corresponding changes in respiratory rate.
Match the following conditions with their corresponding changes in respiratory rate.
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The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating fluid balance by adjusting water reabsorption and excretion.
The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating fluid balance by adjusting water reabsorption and excretion.
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Study Notes
Fluid Balance
- Total body water comprises 60% of an individual's weight
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for 2/3 of total body water (TBW), found inside cells
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) comprises 1/3 of TBW, located outside cells
- Interstitial fluid is found between cells
- Intravascular fluid is equivalent to blood plasma
- Other fluids include lymph, synovial, intestinal, cerebrospinal fluid, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular fluid
Fluid Balance: Cellular Level
- Cells exist in a fluid environment with electrolyte and acid-base concentrations within a narrow range
- Changes or shifts in these concentrations severely affect metabolism and pose a life-threatening risk
Sodium/Chloride Balance
- Sodium (Na+) is the primary cation in the ECF, mostly found outside cells
- It regulates osmotic forces within the ECF
- Key roles of Na+ include neuromuscular excitability, acid-base balance, cellular reactions, and membrane transport processes
- Chloride (Cl-) is the primary anion in the ECF
- Cl- mimics the function of Na+, maintaining electroneutrality
Sodium and Water Balance
- Water balance is maintained through the intricate relationship between sodium (Na+) and water (H₂O)
- Water follows sodium; an increased or decreased concentration of salt leads to an increase or decrease in water concentration
- Tonicity refers to the change in concentration of solutes (salt) relative to the solvent (water)
Tonicity
- Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as the intracellular fluid
- Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid
- Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than the intracellular fluid
Sodium (Na+) Levels
- The normal range of Na+ in blood is 135-145 mEq/L
- Hypernatremia: Na+ levels above 145 mEq/L, usually caused by loss of water or increased intake of sodium
- Hyponatremia: Na+ levels below 135 mEq/L, typically resulting from an increased volume of water or loss of sodium
Hypernatremia Causes
- IV therapy (acidosis)
- Cushing's Syndrome
- fever
- respiratory infection
- diabetes
- diarrhea
- decreased water intake
Hypernatremia Manifestations
- Dehydration of cells, manifested by convulsions, thirst, fever, muscle twitching, hypertension, and hyperreflexia
Hyponatremia Causes
- Vomiting
- diarrhea
- GI suction
- burns
- diuretics
- D5W (isotonic) replacement
Hyponatremia Manifestations
- Lethargy
- confusion
- depressed reflexes
- seizures
- coma
- hypotension
- tachycardia
- decreased urine output.
- Most serious is cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure
Chloride (Cl-)
- Chloride is the primary anion of the ECF, and plays a critical role in maintaining electroneutrality in the body
- Hypochloremia is often linked with hyponatremia
Potassium (K+)
- Potassium (K+) is the major intracellular electrolyte, with a typical range of 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
- It plays a vital role in regulating resting potential, nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythm, skeletal, and smooth muscle contractions
Potassium and Action Potentials
- Hypokalemia reduces excitability, whereas hyperkalemia enhances excitability
Hypokalemia
- Low K+ level (< 3.5 mEq/L)
- Caused by reduced intake, increased loss, or increased movement into cells
- Impacts resting potentials; membrane hyperpolarization, impaired neuromuscular excitability
- Manifestations include skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia
- High K+ level (> 5.0 mEq/L)
- Often due to shift from ICF (acidosis), reduced renal excretion or insulin deficiency / cell trauma
- Elevates resting potential; enhanced neuromuscular excitability
- Manifestations include tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramps/diarrhea, and cardiac dysrhythmias
Potassium and pH
- pH changes significantly affect K+ balance
- Acidosis: H+ moves out of cells and into the ECF causing K+ to shift out of cells
- Alkalosis: Opposite occurs so K+ moves into cells
Calcium (Ca2+)
- Calcium (Ca2+) is critical for bone health, blood clotting, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and cell receptor function
- Hypocalcemia decreases threshold potential; enhances muscle excitability
- Hypercalcemia reduces threshold potential; decreases muscle excitability
Calcium and Action Potentials
- Changes in calcium (Ca2+) levels influence excitability
Edema
- Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
- Four primary causes:
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
- Increased capillary permeability
- Lymphatic obstruction
Acid-Base Balance
- pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration
- Physiological fluids maintain a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45
- Body acids exist as volatile (H2CO3) and nonvolatile (sulfuric, phosphoric) forms
- The lungs regulate volatile acids; kidneys regulate nonvolatile acids
- Buffer systems (e.g., carbonic acid-bicarbonate) are crucial for maintaining pH stability in blood
Acid-Base Balance: Compensation
- Respiratory compensation relates to changes in blood CO2 levels (hypo or hyperventilation).
- Renal compensation involves changes in H+ and HCO3- excretion in the urine.
Acid-Base Disorders
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis
- A diagnostic tool used to evaluate respiratory and metabolic functions of the body
- Key components of ABG reports: pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- Interpreting ABG reports involves using a "tic-tac toe" approach, referencing the normal values.
ABG Analysis: Interpretations
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts regarding fluid movement in capillaries, the mechanisms contributing to edema, and the body's response to metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Test your understanding of these critical physiological processes and their implications for health.
