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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of Max Aerobic Capacity?
What is the formula to estimate HRmax?
What is the primary purpose of an incremental test to exhaustion?
What is the relationship between power/velocity and time to fatigue?
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What is the primary purpose of the Critical Power Concept?
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What is the primary source of energy during short-term events lasting between 10-180 seconds?
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What is the range of exercise tolerance that is highly predictable?
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At 10 seconds, what percentage of energy is supplied anaerobically during short-term events?
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What is the issue with predicting exercise tolerance during very short and very long exercise bouts?
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What is the purpose of the RAMP exercise test?
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What is the result of anaerobic glycolysis during short-term events?
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What can improve performance during short-term events?
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What is the duration of moderate-length events?
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What is the percentage of ATP generated aerobically at 3 minutes during moderate-length events?
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What is important for performance during intermediate-length events?
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What determines performance during intermediate-length events?
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What is the definition of Anaerobic Threshold?
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What is the name of the method used to identify the Anaerobic Threshold?
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What is the significance of the Anaerobic Threshold in exercise physiology?
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What is the alternative name for Anaerobic Capacity?
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What is the importance of Anaerobic Capacity in sports?
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What is the difference between the Anaerobic Threshold and Anaerobic Capacity?
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What is the purpose of using a step test rather than a ramp test in Anaerobic Threshold testing?
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What is the consequence of using different graphing methods to identify the Anaerobic Threshold?
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Muscle fibre recruitment progresses from type IIx → type IIa → type I as exercise intensity increases.
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Type I fibre recruitment is important for ultra-short term anaerobic performances.
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Creatine supplements have no effect on ultra-short term anaerobic performances.
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Fibre type distribution and recruitment are not important factors in ultra-short term anaerobic performances.
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Fatigue is not specific to the type of task undertaken.
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In high intensity exercise, the pulmonary system is a limit for healthy people at sea level.
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Anaerobic capacity is less genetically determined than aerobic.
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High responders can have upward of 20% improvement in VO2max with appropriate training.
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97 different genes contribute to training improvements and responses in anaerobic capacity.
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Genotype E is associated with low, untrained VO2max and limited exercise training response.
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Fatigue can be split into central and peripheral types.
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The actin-myosin interaction results in force and power output.
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Isolated single muscle fibre studies can measure both ions and metabolites within the fibre and force production of the single fibre.
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Central fatigue is associated with fatigue of the muscles.
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There is a perfect agreement on the site of fatigue among different studies and their methods.
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Study Notes
Exercise Testing and Physiological Responses
- At least 2 time trials are required, with 5 being superior, to determine mean max power for each effort duration, which typically lasts 12-20 minutes.
- Lactate threshold testing involves an incremental exercise test with 3-5 minute stages, blood samples collection, and careful data analysis.
- The lactate threshold is the inflection point in the lactate exercise intensity relationship, marked by a non-linear increase in lactate concentration.
Lactate Threshold (LT2)
- The Dmax method is used to determine the lactate threshold point on a graph, where the curve shifts from steady to a sudden increase.
- A step test is preferred over a ramp test to ensure distinct data values.
Anaerobic Threshold
- Anaerobic threshold testing determines max sustainable aerobic power and is more predictive of performance than VO2max.
- The anaerobic threshold is defined as a change in the relationship between ventilation and oxygen consumption.
- The v-slope method is used to identify the anaerobic threshold, which is marked by a change on a graph from a constant to a sharper increase.
- A step test is recommended over a ramp test for this type of testing.
Anaerobic Capacity
- Anaerobic capacity, also known as sprint capacity, is a key determinant in many sports.
- It is defined as the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and is a measure of an athlete's ability to perform high-intensity exercise.
Critical Power Concept
- Critical power (CP) is the maximum power that can be sustained for a specific duration without fatigue.
- CP correlates with the rate of energy repletion linked to aerobic metabolism.
- Exercise tolerance can be highly predictable between 2-30 minutes, but poorly predicted for very short or very long exercise bouts.
Exercise Intensity Domains
- Critical power demarcates heavy and severe exercise intensity domains with distinct whole body and intramuscular responses.
- Heavy exercise intensity domains have a high ATP cost, while severe exercise intensity domains have an extremely high ATP cost.
Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances
- Energy for exercise bouts longer than 3 minutes comes from aerobic sources and is influenced by environmental and dietary factors.
- Exercise can be categorized into moderate (3-20 minutes), intermediate (21-60 minutes), and long-term performance (1-4 hours).
- Moderate-length exercise requires a high VO2max, while intermediate-length exercise is influenced by environmental factors, hydration status, and lactate threshold.
Physiological Responses to Exercise
- During short-term, high-intensity exercise (10-180 seconds), energy is primarily supplied anaerobically, resulting in elevated lactate and hydrogen ion levels.
- Ingestion of buffers may improve performance in short-term, high-intensity exercise.
Biological Limitations
- Understanding biological limitations or limitations based on genotype can inform strategic decisions about training and competition
- Exercise intensity increases, muscle fibre recruitment progresses from type I → type IIa → type IIx, making ATP supply dependent on anaerobic pathways
- Fatigue is specific to the type of task undertaken, with different limiting factors for type I and type IIx fibres
All-Out Anaerobic Performances
- Ultra short-term performances (less than 10 seconds) depend on type 2 muscle fibres, require large amounts of force, and are influenced by motivation, skill, and arousal
- Primary energy systems are ATP-PC and glycolysis, with a focus on phosphocreatine
- Creatine supplements may improve performance, and fibre type distribution and recruitment are crucial
- Skill and technique can affect fatigue and performance
Pulmonary Function and Performance
- Pulmonary system doesn't limit exercise tolerance in low to moderate intensity
- In high intensity exercise, respiratory fatigue can occur during prolonged bouts at 90-100% VO2max levels
- Incomplete pulmonary gas exchange may limit athletes in some performances
Genetic Limitations
- Genetics plays a role in determining training response, with 97 genes contributing to VO2max improvements
- Average person can improve VO2max by 15-20%, while high responders can see up to 50% improvement
- Low responders may only see a 2-3% improvement
- Anaerobic capacity is more genetically determined than aerobic capacity
- Training in anaerobic performance can only improve to a small degree due to the percentage of type 2 fibres
- Genetics influences high VO2max, superior exercise economy, and lactate threshold and critical power
Fatigue
- Fatigue can be split into central or peripheral, and is sport-specific
- Central fatigue is associated with CNS impairment, leading to reduced motor unit firing frequency
- Peripheral fatigue has multiple sites, including the actin-myosin interaction
- Fatigue studies are inconsistent due to differences in exercise intensity and duration
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of lactate threshold and power in exercise physiology, including time trials, mean max power, and graph interpretation. It's ideal for students of sports science and exercise physiology.
