Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the innate fear system marked by?
What is the innate fear system marked by?
HPA activation
Which of the following is a future-oriented response to possible threats?
Which of the following is a future-oriented response to possible threats?
- Fear
- Stress
- Panic
- Anxiety (correct)
What percentage represents the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general population according to DSM-III?
What percentage represents the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general population according to DSM-III?
- 16.4%
- 10.0%
- 24.9% (correct)
- 40.0%
Panic is a response to actual danger.
Panic is a response to actual danger.
Anxiety disorders are often marked by excessive or ______ reactions.
Anxiety disorders are often marked by excessive or ______ reactions.
What is a significant risk factor that often accompanies anxiety disorders?
What is a significant risk factor that often accompanies anxiety disorders?
Match the following prevalence rates with their corresponding regions according to DSM-IV:
Match the following prevalence rates with their corresponding regions according to DSM-IV:
What contributes to the chronic nature of anxiety disorders?
What contributes to the chronic nature of anxiety disorders?
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Study Notes
Physiological Arousal
- Innate fear system involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation.
- HPA activation affects numerous brain regions and every organ system in the body.
- It is crucial for survival.
Concepts Related to HPA Activation
- Stress: A response to perceived demands that outweigh coping abilities.
- Fear: A present-oriented response to actual danger, characterized by sympathetic nervous system activation (fight-or-flight).
- Panic: A sudden surge of intense fear and physical symptoms without objective danger. It's a brief and intense HPA activation, akin to a false alarm.
- Anxiety: A future-oriented apprehension about a potential threat, often accompanied by physical tension.
Relevance of Anxiety Disorders
- They are the most prevalent mental health condition in North America.
- Lifetime prevalence rates are around 24.9% in the general population, and 12-month prevalence rates are around 16.4%.
- Anxiety disorders are more common in European countries, particularly those with Anglophone backgrounds.
- The prevalence of anxiety disorders varies significantly across cultures.
- They often cause chronic distress and significant personal impairment.
- Anxiety disorders are linked to other conditions, including depression, suicide, and substance use.
- They contribute to a significant economic burden on society.
- They are frequently under-recognized and undertreated.
Etiology
- Genetics:
- There is a non-specific predisposition towards developing anxiety disorders.
- This predisposition is related to negative affectivity.
- Family studies suggest genetic influence, but these can be confounded by environmental factors
- Twin Studies:
- Concordance rates for MZ twins are higher than those for DZ twins, suggesting a genetic component.
- However, concordance rates are not 100% in MZ twins, indicating that environmental factors also play a role.
- Across various anxiety disorders, overall concordance rates range from 12% to 26%.
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