Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the innate fear system marked by?
What is the innate fear system marked by?
HPA activation
Which of the following is a future-oriented response to possible threats?
Which of the following is a future-oriented response to possible threats?
What percentage represents the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general population according to DSM-III?
What percentage represents the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general population according to DSM-III?
Panic is a response to actual danger.
Panic is a response to actual danger.
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Anxiety disorders are often marked by excessive or ______ reactions.
Anxiety disorders are often marked by excessive or ______ reactions.
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What is a significant risk factor that often accompanies anxiety disorders?
What is a significant risk factor that often accompanies anxiety disorders?
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Match the following prevalence rates with their corresponding regions according to DSM-IV:
Match the following prevalence rates with their corresponding regions according to DSM-IV:
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What contributes to the chronic nature of anxiety disorders?
What contributes to the chronic nature of anxiety disorders?
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Study Notes
Physiological Arousal
- Innate fear system involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation.
- HPA activation affects numerous brain regions and every organ system in the body.
- It is crucial for survival.
Concepts Related to HPA Activation
- Stress: A response to perceived demands that outweigh coping abilities.
- Fear: A present-oriented response to actual danger, characterized by sympathetic nervous system activation (fight-or-flight).
- Panic: A sudden surge of intense fear and physical symptoms without objective danger. It's a brief and intense HPA activation, akin to a false alarm.
- Anxiety: A future-oriented apprehension about a potential threat, often accompanied by physical tension.
Relevance of Anxiety Disorders
- They are the most prevalent mental health condition in North America.
- Lifetime prevalence rates are around 24.9% in the general population, and 12-month prevalence rates are around 16.4%.
- Anxiety disorders are more common in European countries, particularly those with Anglophone backgrounds.
- The prevalence of anxiety disorders varies significantly across cultures.
- They often cause chronic distress and significant personal impairment.
- Anxiety disorders are linked to other conditions, including depression, suicide, and substance use.
- They contribute to a significant economic burden on society.
- They are frequently under-recognized and undertreated.
Etiology
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Genetics:
- There is a non-specific predisposition towards developing anxiety disorders.
- This predisposition is related to negative affectivity.
- Family studies suggest genetic influence, but these can be confounded by environmental factors
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Twin Studies:
- Concordance rates for MZ twins are higher than those for DZ twins, suggesting a genetic component.
- However, concordance rates are not 100% in MZ twins, indicating that environmental factors also play a role.
- Across various anxiety disorders, overall concordance rates range from 12% to 26%.
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Description
This quiz explores the physiological mechanisms behind stress, fear, panic, and anxiety, including the role of the HPA axis. Understand how these reactions are crucial for survival and their prevalence in mental health disorders. Test your knowledge on innate fear responses and their impact on human physiology.
