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Questions and Answers
What is the total fluid intake for a 70 kg adult during heavy exercise?
What is the total fluid intake for a 70 kg adult during heavy exercise?
How much fluid is lost through sweat for a 70 kg adult during normal conditions?
How much fluid is lost through sweat for a 70 kg adult during normal conditions?
What is the primary regulator of fluid output in the body?
What is the primary regulator of fluid output in the body?
Which body fluid compartment percentage is highest for a lean infant?
Which body fluid compartment percentage is highest for a lean infant?
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What is the expected typical daily urinary output for a 70 kg adult?
What is the expected typical daily urinary output for a 70 kg adult?
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What is the urinary output for a 70 kg adult during heavy exercise?
What is the urinary output for a 70 kg adult during heavy exercise?
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Which component is primarily responsible for influencing osmotic equilibrium between fluid compartments?
Which component is primarily responsible for influencing osmotic equilibrium between fluid compartments?
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What is the fluid output through insensible losses via the lungs during normal conditions?
What is the fluid output through insensible losses via the lungs during normal conditions?
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How does a high salt diet affect fluid intake and urinary output?
How does a high salt diet affect fluid intake and urinary output?
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What is the standard composition of insensible water loss from the skin for a normal diet?
What is the standard composition of insensible water loss from the skin for a normal diet?
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Among the given body builds, which has the lowest total body water percentage for adult males?
Among the given body builds, which has the lowest total body water percentage for adult males?
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What is the insensible water loss via the skin for a 70 kg adult in heavy exercise?
What is the insensible water loss via the skin for a 70 kg adult in heavy exercise?
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What clinical condition is associated with low sodium levels in the blood?
What clinical condition is associated with low sodium levels in the blood?
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What is the primary body fluid compartment that contains the majority of the body's water?
What is the primary body fluid compartment that contains the majority of the body's water?
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How much metabolic water contribution is present in both normal and heavy exercise conditions?
How much metabolic water contribution is present in both normal and heavy exercise conditions?
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What factor can significantly affect electrolyte intake and subsequently, fluid balance?
What factor can significantly affect electrolyte intake and subsequently, fluid balance?
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For adults, what is the typical total body water percentage for normal build females?
For adults, what is the typical total body water percentage for normal build females?
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During heavy exercise, what is the total fluid output for a 70 kg adult?
During heavy exercise, what is the total fluid output for a 70 kg adult?
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What measurement is essential for understanding the composition of body fluids?
What measurement is essential for understanding the composition of body fluids?
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In a high salt dietary scenario, which of the following changes is expected in daily fluid intake?
In a high salt dietary scenario, which of the following changes is expected in daily fluid intake?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: Physiology
- Module: MD137
- Year: 2024-2025
- Lecturer: Dr. Karl McCullagh
- Reading: Vander 15th edition, Chapter 4
- University: University of Galway
Learning Outcomes
- Students will learn about the fluid compartments of the body, their composition, properties (including osmolarity and pH), and their clinical significance.
Lecture Outline
- Fluid intake and output are balanced during steady-state conditions
- Body fluid compartments
- Constituents of extracellular and intracellular fluids
- Measurement of fluid volumes: principles and specific fluid compartments
- Regulation of fluid exchange and osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluid
- Hyponatremia and hypernatremia
Body Fluid Compartments
- 40% of body weight is intracellular fluid (28.0 L)
- 20% of body weight is extracellular fluid (14.0 L)
- Plasma: 3.0 L
- Interstitial fluid: 11.0 L
- 4% plasma (non-cellular)
- 1% transcellular
Constituents of Body Fluids
- Proteins and related substances (18%)
- Minerals (7%)
- Fat (15%)
- Water (60%)
Fluid Balance (70 kg adult)
-
Intake (ml/day):
- Fluids ingested: 2100 ml
- From metabolism: 200 ml
- Total: 2300 ml
-
Output (ml/day):
- Insensible (skin): 350 ml
- Insensible (lungs): 350 ml
- Sweat: 100 ml
- Feces: 100 ml
- Urine: 1400 ml
- Total: 2300 ml
Fluid Balance (70 kg adult) - Heavy Exercise
-
Intake (ml/day):
- Fluids ingested: 6400 ml
- From metabolism: 200 ml
- Total: 6600 ml
-
Output (ml/day):
- Insensible (skin): 350 ml
- Insensible (lungs): 650 ml
- Sweat: 5000 ml
- Feces: 100 ml
- Urine: 500 ml
- Total: 6600 ml
Body Fluid Volumes
- Total body water (TBW): 45 L
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): 15 L
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): 30 L
- Plasma: 3.5 L
- Interstitial fluid: 8.5 L
- Lymph: 1.5 L
- Transcellular fluid: 1.5 L
Ionic Composition
-
Extracellular Fluid (mmol/L):
- Na+: 145
- K+: 5
- Ca2+: 2.5
- Mg2+: 1.0
- Cl-: 102
- HCO3-: 28
- PO4: 1.3
-
Intracellular Fluid (mmol/L):
- Na+: 12
- K+: 155
- Ca2+: 0.5
- Mg2+: 15
- Cl-: 4
- HCO3-: 8
- PO4: 73
Units
- Molar Solution: One mole of a substance dissolved in enough water to make one liter of solution
- Molal Solution: One mole of a substance dissolved in one kilogram of water
-
Equivalents (mEq): Equal to the molarity multiplied by the charge number; a measure of charge concentration
- 150 mMolar Na+ = 150 mEq/L
- 50 mMolar Ca2+ = 100 mEq/L
Measuring Body Fluid Volumes: Indicator Dilution Principle
- Indicator Mass A = Volume A x Concentration A
- Indicator Mass A = Indicator Mass B
- Indicator Mass B = Volume B x Concentration B
- Volume B = Indicator Mass B / Concentration B
Question Examples
- Question regarding total body water measurement: Calculate total body water given an injected volume, concentration, and concentration after equilibrium.
- Question regarding interstitial fluid measurement: Name the two substances best suited to measure interstitial fluid volume.
- Question regarding 3% NaCl solution: Determine osmolarity and tonicity of 3% NaCl solution
- Question regarding 5% glucose solution: Determine osmolarity and tonicity of 5% glucose solution
- Questions regarding effects of water administration: Predict resulting changes in extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, intracellular fluid volume, and intracellular fluid osmolarity upon water administration.
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Description
This quiz focuses on fluid compartments of the body, including their composition and clinical significance as covered in Vander's 15th edition, Chapter 4. You'll explore key concepts such as osmolarity, pH, and the regulation of fluid exchange. Test your understanding on the percentages of body fluids and conditions like hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
