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Questions and Answers
What is the total fluid intake for a 70 kg adult during heavy exercise?
What is the total fluid intake for a 70 kg adult during heavy exercise?
Which type of body build has the highest percentage of total body water (TBW) in adults?
Which type of body build has the highest percentage of total body water (TBW) in adults?
During heavy exercise, how much fluid is lost through sweat for a 70 kg adult?
During heavy exercise, how much fluid is lost through sweat for a 70 kg adult?
What is the total fluid output for a 70 kg adult at rest?
What is the total fluid output for a 70 kg adult at rest?
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What percentage of total body water (TBW) is typical for an adult female with a normal body build?
What percentage of total body water (TBW) is typical for an adult female with a normal body build?
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What is the primary regulator of fluid output in the body?
What is the primary regulator of fluid output in the body?
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Which of the following statements about fluid intake is true?
Which of the following statements about fluid intake is true?
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What is the clinical significance of osmolarity in body fluids?
What is the clinical significance of osmolarity in body fluids?
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What results from excessive sodium intake regarding urinary sodium excretion and extracellular fluid volume?
What results from excessive sodium intake regarding urinary sodium excretion and extracellular fluid volume?
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Which fluid compartment is primarily associated with electrolyte intake?
Which fluid compartment is primarily associated with electrolyte intake?
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What occurs during hyponatremia?
What occurs during hyponatremia?
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Which factor does NOT significantly influence fluid balance in the body?
Which factor does NOT significantly influence fluid balance in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of insensible fluid loss?
Which of the following is NOT a component of insensible fluid loss?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Physiology
- Module: MD137
- Year: 2024-2025
- Lecturer: Dr. Karl McCullagh
- Email: [email protected]
- Suggested reading: Vander 15th edition, Chapter 4
Learning Outcomes
- Students will learn about the fluid compartments of the body.
- Students will learn about the composition of different body fluids.
- Students will learn about the properties of body fluids including osmolarity and pH.
- Students will learn about the clinical significance of body fluids, osmolarity and pH.
Lecture Outline
- Fluid intake and output are balanced during steady-state conditions.
- Body fluid compartments.
- Constituents of extracellular and intracellular fluids.
- Measurement of fluid volumes - principles and specific fluid compartments.
- Regulation of fluid exchange and osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluid.
- Hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
Body Fluid Distribution
- Total body water (TBW): 45 liters in a 70 kg adult.
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): 28 liters (40% of TBW).
-
Extracellular fluid (ECF): 14 liters (20% of TBW).
- Plasma: 3 liters
- Interstitial fluid: 11 liters
- Transcellular fluid: 1.5L
- Other fluids (i.e. cerebrospinal or synovial): Small percentage of body weight.
Fluid Balance (Normal, 70kg Adult)
-
Intake (ml/day):
- Fluids ingested: 2100 ml
- From metabolism: 200 ml
- Total Intake: 2300 ml
-
Output (ml/day):
- Insensible (skin): 350 ml
- Insensible (lungs): 350 ml
- Sweat: 100 ml
- Feces : 100 ml
- Urine: 1400 ml
- Total Output: 2300 ml
Fluid Balance (Heavy Exercise, 70kg Adult)
- Intake (ml/day): 6600 ml
- Output (ml/day): 6600 ml
Ionic Composition
- Electrolytes dissociate into charged particles.
- Electrolytes conduct electricity
- Examples: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO43-
- Play important roles in physiological processes (e.g., muscle contraction, nerve impulses, secretion/absorption, acid-base balance)
Ionic Composition (Extracellular & Intracellular Fluid)
| Ion | Extracellular (mmol/L) | Intracellular (mmol/L) |
|---|---|---|
| Na+ | 145 | 12 |
| K+ | 5 | 155 |
| Ca2+ | 2.5 | 0.5 |
| Mg2+ | 1.0 | 15 |
| Cl- | 102 | 4 |
| HCO3− | 28 | 8 |
| PO43− | 1.3 | 73 |
Measuring Body Fluid Volumes (Indicator Dilution Principle)
- Volume of compartment measured = Indicator mass/Indicator concentration
- The indicator must only disperse in the compartment measured and disperse evenly in that compartment. The indicator cannot be metabolized or excreted in the compartment, or a correction must be made.
Questions & Examples
- Example Calculations (Water volume):
- Inject 10ml of antipyrine (150mg/ml)
- Concentration in blood = 0.03mg/ml post equilibrium.
- No excretion -> Body Water = 50,000ml (50 Liters)
Additional Concepts (from the slides)
- Osmolarity and Osmolality
- Tonicity (relative to cells)
- Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions.
- Effects of differing body builds, gender, and age on TBW.
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Description
Test your knowledge on body fluid compartments, their composition, and properties such as osmolarity and pH. This quiz covers important concepts from Vander's 15th edition, Chapter 4. Understand the clinical significance of these body fluids and their regulation in health and disease.
