Osmolarity and Tonicity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which solute contributes the most to the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality?

  • Potassium
  • BUN
  • Sodium (correct)
  • Glucose

    • Which solution is considered hypotonic?

  • Lactated Ringers
  • D5W (correct)
  • NS
  • Plasmalyte

    • Which hormone is released when serum osmolality increases and binds to V2 receptor to increase water retention?

  • Aldosterone
  • Renin
  • Angiotensin II
  • ADH (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT considered an effective osmole?

    <p>BUN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is considered hypertonic?

    <p>3% NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released when there is a decrease in effective circulating volume?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does AVP bind to in the basolateral membrane?

    <p>V2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is aquaporin 2 located?

    <p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does angiotensin II stimulate in response to decreased blood volume?

    <p>Non osmotic AVP release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BP depend on?

    <p>Cardiac output (CO) and venous return (VR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

    <p>ACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does angiotensin II cause in response to decreased blood volume?

    <p>Increased sympathetic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates thirst in order to increase water intake and decrease kidney excretion?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions is considered isotonic?

    <p>NS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the hypothalamus when sodium levels increase?

    <p>AVP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of intracellular fluid (ICF) osmolality?

    <p>Potassium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions is considered hypotonic?

    <p>D5W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone signals thirst in order to increase water intake and decrease kidney excretion?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of renin in response to a decrease in effective circulating volume?

    <p>Sympathetic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

    <p>ACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is aquaporin 2 located?

    <p>Distal nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does angiotensin II cause in response to decreased blood volume?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an effective osmole?

    <p>BUN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to osmotic triggers and causes water retention by increasing aquaporin 2?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>To increase blood volume and increase pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is used to increase intravascular fluid volume and blood pressure?

    <p>Normal Saline (NS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by elevated lipids or proteins in the blood, resulting in a false decrease in sodium levels?

    <p>Pseudohyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by hyperglycemia and is associated with an increase in serum osmolality?

    <p>Hypertonic hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in assessing hyponatremia?

    <p>Assess serum osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is aquaporin 2 located?

    <p>Renal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypertonic hyponatremia?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of ADH in response to osmotic changes?

    <p>Increased serum osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of angiotensin II in response to decreased blood volume?

    <p>Increase sodium/water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to osmotic triggers and causes water retention by increasing aquaporin 2?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by hyperglycemia and is associated with an increase in serum osmolality?

    <p>Hypertonic hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone signals thirst in order to increase water intake and decrease kidney excretion?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released when there is a decrease in effective circulating volume?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is used to increase intravascular fluid volume and blood pressure?

    <p>Normal saline (NS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in assessing hyponatremia?

    <p>Assess serum osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released when sodium levels increase?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>To increase blood volume and increase pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is aquaporin 2 located?

    <p>Apical membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solute contributes the most to the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary goal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>To increase blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to osmotic triggers and causes water retention by increasing aquaporin 2?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions is considered isotonic?

    <p>Normal saline (NS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of intracellular fluid (ICF) osmolality?

    <p>Water levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypertonic hyponatremia?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an effective osmole?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by elevated lipids or proteins in the blood, resulting in a false decrease in sodium levels?

    <p>Pseudohyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is aquaporin 2 located?

    <p>Renal collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in assessing hyponatremia?

    <p>Assess serum osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solute contributes the most to the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their causes:

    <p>Angiotensin 2 effect = Aldosterone increase, sodium/water reabsorption ADH release = Osmotic triggers, serum osmolality increase Non osmotic trigger of ADH = ECF volume decrease, RAAS activation Hypertonic hyponatremia = Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects:

    <p>Dextrose = Converts to CO2 and H2O in the presence of O2 ADH = Increases water retention NS = Increases intravascular fluid to increase BP Lactated Ringers = Increases effective circulating volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hyponatremia with their definitions:

    <p>Isotonic hyponatremia = Pseudohyponatremia due to elevated lipids in the blood Hypertonic hyponatremia = Caused by hyperglycemia Hypotonic hyponatremia = Due to being hypovolemic, Euvolemic/SIADH or being hypervolemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their causes or effects:

    <p>Pseudohyponatremia = Caused by elevated lipids or proteins Hypertonic Hyponatremia = Associated with an increase in serum osmolality, tested by measuring glucose or lab testing of unmeasured mannitol, glycine, sorbitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their goals or effects:

    <p>Goal of RAAS = Increase blood volume (Na/Water retention) and increase pressure (vasoconstriction) Goal of ADH release = Dilute the blood by increasing aquaporin 2 to retain water Effect of dextrose = Increase intravascular fluid for increasing BP Effect of NS = Increase intravascular fluid to increase BP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their causes:

    <p>Isotonic hyponatremia = Elevated lipids in the blood Hypertonic hyponatremia = Hyperglycemia Hypotonic hyponatremia = Being hypovolemic, Euvolemic/SIADH or being hypervolemic Pseudohyponatremia = Elevated lipids or proteins in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects:

    <p>Dextrose = Converts to CO2 and H2O in the presence of O2 ADH = Increases water retention NS = Increases intravascular fluid to increase BP Lactated Ringers = Increases effective circulating volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their causes:

    <p>Angiotensin 2 effect = Aldosterone increase, sodium/water reabsorption ADH release = Osmotic triggers, serum osmolality increase Non osmotic trigger of ADH = ECF volume decrease, RAAS activation Hypertonic hyponatremia = Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their definitions:

    <p>Isotonic hyponatremia = Pseudohyponatremia due to elevated lipids in the blood Hypertonic hyponatremia = Caused by hyperglycemia Hypotonic hyponatremia = Due to being hypovolemic, Euvolemic/SIADH or being hypervolemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their causes or effects:

    <p>Pseudohyponatremia = Caused by elevated lipids or proteins Hypertonic Hyponatremia = Associated with an increase in serum osmolality, tested by measuring glucose or lab testing of unmeasured mannitol, glycine, sorbitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

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