Physiology Introduction Study Notes

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential benefit of understanding medical problems in relation to physical work?

It eliminates the need for physiotherapists in physical jobs.

It guarantees that all medical issues are addressed before starting work.

It ensures all physical work is completed without injury.

It clarifies which medical conditions may impede physical work. (correct)

How can knowledge of medical problems assist physiotherapists?

By providing treatment options for all conditions without exception.

By removing the need for patient assessments before treatment.

By improving their ability to address issues that may arise during therapy. (correct)

By allowing them to specialize in a single medical condition.

What might be a misconception regarding medical problems and physical work?

Understanding medical problems is irrelevant for physiotherapists.

Only severe medical conditions affect one's ability to work physically.

Medical problems never affect physical work. (correct)

All physical work can be adapted to accommodate medical issues.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding physiotherapists' role and medical problems?

Knowledge of medical problems helps in creating better treatment plans. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome can result from a lack of understanding of medical problems in physical work environments?

Higher risk of injury due to unaddressed medical issues. Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs inhibit cholinergic receptors?

Parasympatholytic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is categorized as a muscarinic blocker?

Atropine Signup and view all the answers

From which plants are Atropine and its derivative Hyoscine extracted?

Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscarinic blockers such as Atropine?

Inhibiting cholinergic transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the action of parasympatholytic drugs?

They inhibit the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmotic pressure of blood?

5000 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which concentration of saline is mentioned as iso osmotic with blood?

0.9% NaCl Signup and view all the answers

What type of label is used for saline in the given content?

Blue paper label Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions is iso osmotic with blood?

Glucose 5% solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmotic pressure of saline compared to glucose solution according to the content?

Saline and glucose 5% have the same osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which catecholamine is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate during stress?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of noradrenaline in the body?

Influences mood and attention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a catecholamine?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Which catecholamine is best known for its role in the treatment of convulsions?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of inactivating acetylcholine?

Degradation by acetylcholinesterase Signup and view all the answers

Which catecholamine is a precursor to dopamine?

Dopa Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding acetylcholine inactivation mechanisms?

It can be inactivated by enzymatic degradation Signup and view all the answers

Inactivation of acetylcholine occurs in which part of the neuromuscular junction?

Synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of ineffective acetylcholine inactivation?

Sustained muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine?

Acetylcholinesterase Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes co-transport in secondary active transport?

The actively transported substance and the passively transported substance move in the same direction. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport is primarily using the energy derived from passive transport to move another substance?

Secondary active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a feature of secondary active transport?

It requires direct energy input from ATP hydrolysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between co-transport and passive transport?

Co-transport is facilitated by the passive transport of one substance providing energy for another's active transport. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of secondary active transport, what is meant by 'passive transport of another substance'?

Transport that occurs without the need for additional energy from the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physiology Study Notes

Physiology is a vital branch of medicine, focusing on how bodily functions operate and why.
It's crucial for physical therapists to understand medical concepts relevant to their work, such as anemia and hemorrhagic diseases.
Physiology helps clarify medical issues impacting physical work, assisting therapists in managing patient concerns.
Physiology aids therapists in dealing with challenges they may face during patient care.

Grade Distribution

Mid-term exam: 10 marks
Quizzes: 10 marks
Assignment: 10 marks
Final written exam: 40 marks
Practical exam: 30 marks

Chapter 1: Introduction

Body Fluids: Includes tissue (body) fluids, homeostasis, and substance transport across cell membranes.
Body Composition: An adult human, on average, has 70-kilogram of total body water that is about 60 percent of their body weight (approximately 42 liters). Water content is less in obese adults but slightly higher in infants (75%).
Intracellular vs. Extracellular Fluids: Body water is divided into intracellular fluid (40%, ~2/3) and extracellular fluid (20%, ~1/3).
Extracellular compartments: Divided into extravascular (interstitial fluid—outside blood vessels) and intravascular (plasma—inside blood vessels).

Chapter 2: Physiological Variation of Body Fluid Volume

Variation in body fluid volume among individuals largely depends on body fat (adipose tissue). Fat is only approximately 10% water.
Infant water content ranges from 73-80%.
Male adult water content is approximately 60%.
Female adult water content is approximately 50%.
Elderly male water content is approximately 50%.

Chapter 3: Homeostasis

Definition: Maintaining a stable internal environment within the body (e.g., pH, temperature, nutrient and gas concentration) for optimal cell function and protection.
Feedback Mechanisms: Homeostasis is primarily managed by two major systems: -Nervous system: Rapid response -Chemical system: Slower response, driven by hormones, vitamins, and enzymes.
- Negative feedback: A corrective mechanism where the response reverses the stimulus. This is the most common feedback process in the body.
- Positive feedback: The response amplifies the stimulus. An example is labor contractions.

Chapter 4: Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes

Passive Transport: Doesn't require energy, substances move from higher to lower concentration. Examples are osmosis, diffusion (simple and facilitated).
Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a higher water concentration area to one with a lower water concentration.
Simple Diffusion: Substances move from high to low concentrations. This movement is enhanced by increasing the concentration gradient and decreasing the size of the substance.
Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion with the assistance of carrier proteins, to widen pores and speed up movement
Active Transport: Requires energy, substances move from low to high concentrations. Two types of Active Transport: -Primary Active Transport: ATP (energy) provides the driving force. -Secondary Active Transport: Energy from the movement of one substance down its concentration gradient is used to move another substance against its concentration gradient.

Chapter 5: Vesicular Transport

Endocytosis: Transport of substances into the cell.
Exocytosis: Transport of substances out of the cell through vesicle formation.

Chapter 6: Nervous System

Classification of the nervous system: Divided into central and peripheral nervous systems.
Anatomical locations of areas mentioned, like locations of brain stem, cranial nerves, and other parts of the nervous system.
Types and function(s) of nerves:
- Somatic nerves that control skeletal muscle functions.
- Autonomic nerves that control visceral (internal) functions like heart, smooth muscle, and glands.

Chapter 7: Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary functions—sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest).
Ganglia: Sites where nerves communicate. -Located and types mentioned: Lateral/paravertebral, collateral/prevertebral, terminal
Nervous system is divided into 2 parts: -Central Nervous System (CNS) -Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). PNS further divided into -Cranial nerves -Spinal nerves

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic: Responsible for "rest and digest" functions.
Sympathetic: Responsible for "fight or flight" responses.

Characteristics of Autonomic Ganglia

Site: Location on the body.
Relay stations for preganglionic nerves: Connecting different parts of the nervous system.
Site of action of various drugs: Important in pharmacotherapy and treatments
Distributing centers. They are vital parts of the body's neurotransmission.

Chapter 8: Chemical Transmissions

Definition: Chemical substances that transmit signals between nerve cells or from a nerve to an organ.
Types: Acetylcholine, Catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline, noradrenaline), other chemicals (glycine, dopamine, GABA, serotonin).

Chapter 9: Cholinergic Receptors

Types: Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
Locations: Found in various parts of the body.
Function: Their action on different parts of the body.

Chapter 10: Inactivation of Acetylcholine

Enzymatic inactivation: Cholinesterase (not acetylcholinesterase) being the main enzyme responsible for this process.
Active reuptake: The vesicle reabsorbing the neurotransmitter.

Chapter 11: Drugs Acting on Cholinergic Nerves

Cholinergic mimics: Drugs enhancing the effects of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic blockers: Drugs reducing the effects of acetylcholine.
Insecticides (e.g., parathion), war gases: Examples of chemicals that inhibit cholinesterase.

Chapter 12: Drugs Acting on Adrenergic Nerves (Sympathetic)

Sympathomimetics: Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympatholytics: Block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympatholytics are commonly used in treatment of hypertension.
Categories of drugs: Types of sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, including agonist and antagonist of receptors.
Receptor blockers: Alpha and beta blockers.
False transmitters: Drugs acting as false neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system.

Summary of Body Functions (Example)

Effect on heart: Increases and decreases activity, in regards to vital signs.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of physiology, focusing on how bodily functions operate, the importance of body fluids, and the composition of the human body. This quiz provides insights crucial for physical therapists, helping them understand medical issues relevant to patient care. Dive into Chapter 1 and enhance your understanding of human physiology.