Body Fluids Quiz: Physiology of Body Fluids Y1S1 001 III

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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate percentage of total body water in adults?

70-75%

50-60% (correct)

45-50%

60-70%

Why is the inability to concentrate urine prevalent in newborns?

Due to the greater surface area to volume ratio

Due to the kidney being relatively undeveloped

Due to the rudimentary LOH and counter-current exchange mechanisms

All of the above (correct)

What is the primary function of water in the body?

To facilitate nerve impulses

To act as a medium for metabolic processes (correct)

To maintain blood pressure

To regulate body temperature

What is the trend of total body water throughout infancy?

It decreases gradually throughout infancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of total body water in newborns?

75-80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the body fluid system?

It is a dynamic steady state with the environment and internally between fluid compartments Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of water lost daily through insensible water loss?

700 ml/day Signup and view all the answers

How much water is needed for efficient excretion of 1000 calories?

1000 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of water in newborn babies?

70-75% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of water gain in the body?

Oral intake Signup and view all the answers

Why does the percentage of water in the body decrease with age?

Due to an increase in body fat Signup and view all the answers

Why do women have a lower percentage of water compared to men?

Due to a higher percentage of body fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intracellular fluid?

Transporting water, electrolytes, and waste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the composition of intracellular fluid is true?

It contains large amounts of potassium and phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for estimating total body water (TBW) in humans?

Indicator dilution technique Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal property of an indicator substance used in the estimation of body water content?

Even distribution in the compartment of interest Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the kidneys in maintaining body fluid composition?

Controlling the composition of body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the difficulty in defining the limits of various body fluid compartments?

The problems associated with defining the limits of various compartments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism driving the transfer of fluid from the interstitial space to the vascular compartment?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure and colloid pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney?

Secretion of ions in accordance with systemic requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmotic pressure exerted by a 1 mOsm/kg solution at 37°C?

19.3 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the amount of fluid filtered from the circulation is curtailed?

Impermeability of capillaries to protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antidiuresis in determining urine concentration?

Important in determining urine concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why not all cells demonstrate isosmotic tonicity with the ECF?

Secretory cells have unique properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of an isotonic fluid excess?

Retention of H2O and electrolytes due to kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of hypovolemia?

Deficiency of both H2O and electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of serum osmolality?

280-295 mOsm/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of transcellular fluid?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of an hypertonic ECF contraction?

Water loss related to high blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of serum creatinine?

0.6-1.5 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Fluid Composition

Water is the major constituent of body weight, accounting for 45-75% of total body weight (TBW).
TBW is higher in premature live births and infants, with a gradual decrease throughout infancy.
In adults, TBW constitutes around 50% of body weight, with a higher percentage in adult females and the elderly.

Body Fluid Compartments

The body fluid system has two major compartments: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
ICF is separated from ECF by the plasma membrane and is mainly responsible for transporting water, electrolytes, and waste.
ECF is further divided into interstitial fluid and plasma.

Intracellular Fluid Composition

ICF contains small amounts of Na+ and Cl-, and almost no Ca2+.
It contains large amounts of K+, P, and moderate amounts of Mg2+.
ICF also contains large amounts of proteins.

Extracellular Fluid Composition

ECF contains high amounts of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-, and moderate amounts of K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+.
Plasma has a higher concentration of proteins than interstitial fluid.

Estimation of Body Fluid Volume

The indicator dilution technique is used to estimate body water content.
The technique involves adding a known amount of indicator substance to water and measuring the concentration of the indicator.
The volume of the water is estimated by dividing the amount of indicator added by the concentration of the indicator.

Fluid Transport and Regulation

Blood flow delivers oxygen and nutrients to vessels, and plasma filtration across capillaries into the interstitium.
Composition is controlled by the kidneys.
Fluid volume is regulated by the balance between water intake and output.

Water Gains and Losses

Daily water intake comes from ingestion (around 2100 ml/day) and the result of oxidation of carbohydrates (around 200 ml/day).
Daily water output includes insensible water loss (around 700 ml/day) and sensible water loss (around 1600 ml/day).
Fever increases water loss, and fluid requirements are driven by metabolic rate.

Body Fluid Balance

The balance between water intake and output is crucial, with a daily balance of around 2500 ml/day.
Women have a lower water percentage compared to men due to a higher percentage of body fat.
Water percentage decreases with age due to the loss of muscle mass and increase in body fat.

Diagnostic Tests for Fluid Excess

Urinalysis includes tests for urine pH, specific gravity, osmolarity, creatinine clearance, sodium, and potassium.
Blood studies include serum hematocrit, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum osmolality, serum albumin, and serum electrolytes.

Assessment of Fluid Volume Deficit

Fluid volume deficit can be assessed by taking a history of potential factors, vital signs, body weight, skin, mucus membranes, and fluid volume deficit.
Hypovolemia can be caused by decreased intake, vomiting, diarrhea, or fluid shift.

Assessment of Fluid Volume Excess

Fluid volume excess can be caused by retention of water and electrolytes related to kidney disease or overload with isotonic IV fluids.
Transcellular fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, and pleural fluid, are formed by secretion of epithelial cells.

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Description

Test your understanding of the human body's fluid composition, transport mechanisms, and regulation. Learn about the major constituent of body fluids, types of body compartments, and factors affecting fluid composition.

Y1S1 001 III Physiology of Body Fluids