42 Questions
What is the primary effect of a positive feedback system?
Strengthening or enforcing the stimulus
What percentage of body weight is approximately equal to the total body water?
60%
Which of the following is an example of transcellular fluid?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the primary mechanism of movement of fluid between intravascular, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid compartments?
Osmosis, filtration, and reabsorption
What is the result of an increase in interstitial fluid?
Edema
What is the approximate percentage of extracellular fluid that is intravascular fluid?
20%
What is the direction of fluid movement during osmosis?
Down the gradient
What is the unit of measurement for osmolarity?
mOsm/L
What is the term for the pressure across a semipermeable membrane required to stop osmosis?
Osmotic pressure
What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell
What is the term for the concentration of impermeant solutes that cannot cross semipermeable membranes?
Tonicity
What is oncotic pressure also known as?
Colloidal pressure
What is the primary function of the endothelium in the movement of fluid between ISF and IVF?
To prevent abnormal fluid leaking through blood vessels walls
What is the approximate hydrostatic pressure in the arterial end of capillaries?
35mmHg
What is the term for the buildup of ISF in tissues?
Edema
What is the purpose of the nucleus in a cell?
To regulate cellular activities and store genetic code
What is the term for the fluid component of cytoplasm?
Cytosol
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
To store and modify proteins and lipids
What is the term for the equilibrium within the body's internal environment against the changes in the external environment?
Homeostasis
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell
What is the term for the study of changes in physiology that result from a disease or injury?
Pathophysiology
What is the term for the pattern of changes associated with the development of a disease?
Pathogenesis
What is the term for the cells that make up the main organ structure?
Parenchymal cells
What is the function of the lysosomes in a cell?
To break down and recycle cellular waste
What is the term for the exact causes that lead to a disease?
Etiology
What is the term for the external environment that surrounds the body?
External environment
What is the term for the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is the term for the internal environment that surrounds the cells?
Internal environment
What is the term for the cycle of events by which the body status is continually monitored, evaluated, and changed?
Feedback system
What is the term for the sensors that receive stimuli, transduce energy into signals, and send signals to a control center?
Receptors
What is the most common form of feedback system?
Negative feedback system
What is the term for the study of the normal functions of cells, their regulation, and communication?
Physiology
What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
Protein synthesis, processing, and transporting
What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?
Lipid synthesis and transport to Golgi
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Lipids and proteins sorting, packaging, and transport
What is the function of mitochondria?
ATP production
What is the function of lysosomes?
Degrade engulfed components
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Fat digestion and detoxification
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Maintain cell shape and structure
What is the function of tight junctions?
Create a seal/barrier to limit permeability
What is the function of gap junctions?
Form channels that permit fast communication
What is the function of desmosomes?
Increase tissue integrity
Study Notes
Positive Feedback System
- Response strengthens or reinforces the stimulus
- Tends to disturb the system outside of the homeostatic range
- Can be harmful (e.g., blood loss) or beneficial (e.g., normal childbirth, clotting cascade)
Body Fluid Compartments
- Total body water (TBW) ≈ 42 liters (≈ 60% of body weight)
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) = fluid inside cells ≈ 28 liters
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) = fluid outside cells ≈ 14 liters
- Intravascular fluid (IVF) = plasma & lymph ≈ 3 liters (≈ 20% of ECF)
- Extravascular fluid (EVF)
- Interstitial fluid (ISF) = fluid surrounding tissue cells ≈ 10 liters (~80% of ECF)
- Transcellular fluid: fluid formed within cavities by transport activity of cells ≈ 1 liter (e.g., cerebrospinal, aqueous humor, synovial, intrapleural & gastrointestinal fluids)
Movement of Fluid between Compartments
- Occurs through osmosis, filtration, and reabsorption
- Osmosis: fluid movement across a semipermeable membrane
- Fluid moves from higher to lower osmolarity
- Osmotic pressure: pressure required to stop osmosis
- Tonicity: concentration of impermeant solutes that cannot cross semipermeable membranes
Human Cells
- Levels of structural organization: chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system
- Cell structures:
- Cell (plasma) membrane: phospholipid bilayer with selectively permeable properties
- Nucleus: largest organelle, regulates cellular activities, contains nucleoli
- Cytoplasm: fluid contains proteins, stores nutrients, site of chemical reactions
- Organelles:
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network of sheets & tubules, involved in protein synthesis, processing, and transport
- Golgi apparatus: involved in protein sorting, packaging, and transport
- Mitochondria: involved in ATP production
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes, involved in cellular digestion
- Peroxisomes: contain digestive enzymes, involved in fat digestion and detoxification
Intercellular Junctions and Communication
- Intercellular junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, adherens junctions
- Intercellular communication: through direct contact, releasing chemical messengers, and signal transduction
Test your understanding of basic physiological terms and concepts, including internal environment, homeostasis, feedback systems, and body fluid compartments. Learn about osmosis, osmolality, and tonicity, and identify the differences between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
