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Physiology is primarily the study of:
Physiology is primarily the study of:
Which of the following is NOT a main specialty of physiology:
Which of the following is NOT a main specialty of physiology:
Which of the following is NOT a principal life process?
Which of the following is NOT a principal life process?
Which of the following is a recognized level of physiological organization?
Which of the following is a recognized level of physiological organization?
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What is the term for the process that maintains a nearly stable environment within the body, allowing cellular and metabolic functions to operate at maximum efficiency?
What is the term for the process that maintains a nearly stable environment within the body, allowing cellular and metabolic functions to operate at maximum efficiency?
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Which term describes the regulatory mechanism that involves the nervous system or endocrine system to control or adjust the activities of various systems simultaneously?
Which term describes the regulatory mechanism that involves the nervous system or endocrine system to control or adjust the activities of various systems simultaneously?
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A feedback loop contains all of the following components EXCEPT:
A feedback loop contains all of the following components EXCEPT:
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What is the primary mechanism responsible for long-term control to maintain constant internal conditions and systems?
What is the primary mechanism responsible for long-term control to maintain constant internal conditions and systems?
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Which of the following demonstrates a positive feedback loop, where the initial stimulus produces a response that exacerbates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it?
Which of the following demonstrates a positive feedback loop, where the initial stimulus produces a response that exacerbates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it?
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Communication and integration is essential to maintaining homeostasis, relying on _______ signals.
Communication and integration is essential to maintaining homeostasis, relying on _______ signals.
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Which of the following is NOT a basic mechanism of cell-to-cell communication?
Which of the following is NOT a basic mechanism of cell-to-cell communication?
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All of the following are principal components of cells, EXCEPT:
All of the following are principal components of cells, EXCEPT:
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The plasma membrane is a gatekeeper regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell described by the ______ model.
The plasma membrane is a gatekeeper regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell described by the ______ model.
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Which of the following is NOT a key function of the plasma membrane in human cells?
Which of the following is NOT a key function of the plasma membrane in human cells?
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Which type of membrane protein is bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and is relatively easily separated from it?
Which type of membrane protein is bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and is relatively easily separated from it?
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Membrane proteins perform a variety of specialized functions, including all of the following EXCEPT:
Membrane proteins perform a variety of specialized functions, including all of the following EXCEPT:
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A membrane through which any substance can pass without difficulty is:
A membrane through which any substance can pass without difficulty is:
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When passage across the selectively permeable cell membrane requires energy expenditure, usually in the form of ATP, it is known as:
When passage across the selectively permeable cell membrane requires energy expenditure, usually in the form of ATP, it is known as:
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Transport processes can be categorized by the following mechanisms EXCEPT:
Transport processes can be categorized by the following mechanisms EXCEPT:
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The process of diffusion tends to ______ a concentration gradient.
The process of diffusion tends to ______ a concentration gradient.
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Which of the following is NOT a principal characteristic of osmosis?
Which of the following is NOT a principal characteristic of osmosis?
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Which types of cells employ electrical impulses?
Which types of cells employ electrical impulses?
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The generation of electrical impulses requires the presence of an ______ membrane, which must contain ion channels.
The generation of electrical impulses requires the presence of an ______ membrane, which must contain ion channels.
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Membranes generate electrical impulses through the distribution of:
Membranes generate electrical impulses through the distribution of:
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A positively charged ion is called a:
A positively charged ion is called a:
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Unlike (or opposite) charges ______ each other.
Unlike (or opposite) charges ______ each other.
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When there is a difference between the number of positive and negative charges across a cell membrane this is commonly termed a ______ difference.
When there is a difference between the number of positive and negative charges across a cell membrane this is commonly termed a ______ difference.
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Which of the following is a principal ion involved in neural impulse generation?
Which of the following is a principal ion involved in neural impulse generation?
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Potassium (K+) ions tend to move out of the cell through open potassium channels, and create a:
Potassium (K+) ions tend to move out of the cell through open potassium channels, and create a:
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Because the ______ concentration of sodium (Na+) ions is relatively high, sodium (Na+) ions tend to move into the cell.
Because the ______ concentration of sodium (Na+) ions is relatively high, sodium (Na+) ions tend to move into the cell.
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At rest, the cell membrane is much more permeable to potassium than sodium, this generates a potential difference of:
At rest, the cell membrane is much more permeable to potassium than sodium, this generates a potential difference of:
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The potential difference across the cell membrane sets up a:
The potential difference across the cell membrane sets up a:
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If the cell membrane were freely permeable to a particular ion, but impermeable to all other ions, that ion would continue to leave the cell until the electrical gradient (pushing the ion into the cell) was as strong as the chemical gradient (driving the ion out of the cell) - this is called the ______ for that ion.
If the cell membrane were freely permeable to a particular ion, but impermeable to all other ions, that ion would continue to leave the cell until the electrical gradient (pushing the ion into the cell) was as strong as the chemical gradient (driving the ion out of the cell) - this is called the ______ for that ion.
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The equilibrium potential for sodium (Na+) is
The equilibrium potential for sodium (Na+) is
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Ion channels permit the movement of ions in and out of the cell and are principally regulated by:
Ion channels permit the movement of ions in and out of the cell and are principally regulated by:
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Voltage-gated ion channels can be in each of the following states, EXCEPT:
Voltage-gated ion channels can be in each of the following states, EXCEPT:
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Any shift from the resting potential towards 0 mV is called a:
Any shift from the resting potential towards 0 mV is called a:
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The following are typical physiological membrane potentials, EXCEPT:
The following are typical physiological membrane potentials, EXCEPT:
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Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that
Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that
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A ______ is a brief, stereotyped (all-or-none) change in membrane potential in the positive direction during excitation of a neuron
A ______ is a brief, stereotyped (all-or-none) change in membrane potential in the positive direction during excitation of a neuron
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Study Notes
Physiology - Physiological Concepts Self-Assessment
- Physiology is primarily the study of function.
- Specialties of Physiology include cell physiology, special physiology and pathophysiology, not atomic physiology.
- Principal life processes include responsiveness, adaptation, and movement; not differentiation.
- A recognized level of physiological organization is the chemical/molecular level, not the global level, hypercellular level or supracellular level.
- Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment for optimal cellular and metabolic function.
Regulatory Mechanisms
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Extrinsic regulation is a control system from either the nervous or endocrine systems that regulates the activities of multiple systems simultaneously.
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Feedback loops contain components such as a receptor, effector, and control center.
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Homeostatic Feedback is the primary long-term control for maintaining internal conditions.
Signaling Mechanisms
- Communication and integration, based on chemical and electrical signals, are crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
- Cell-to-cell communication mechanisms include direct cytoplasmic transfer, local chemical communication and long-distance communication; not intracellular communication.
- Principal components of cells include cytosol, inclusions, and organelles, not exclusions.
Cell Membrane
- The plasma membrane regulates substance passage into and out of the cell.
- It is described by the fluid mosaic model.
- Key functions of the plasma membrane include physical isolation, sensitivity and communication and structural support, not regulation of gene transfer.
- Membrane proteins include integral and peripheral proteins for specialized functions (enzymes, channels and receptors), not distal proteins.
- Impermeable membrane allows no substance to pass. Freely permeable membrane allows any substance to pass. Semipermeable membrane allows only select substances to pass. Selectively permeable membrane is regulated by the passage of substances.
Membrane Transport
- Active transport requires ATP for substance passage.
- Passive transport does not require energy to move substances across the membrane.
- Transport processes include mechanisms such as diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and vesicular transport; not osmosis.
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across selectively permeable membranes.
- Diffusion tends to approximate a concentration gradient.
Electrical Impulses
- Neurons and muscle cells employ electrical impulses.
- Electrical impulse generation requires excitable membranes and ion channels.
- Ions (positively charged cations, such as sodium, and negatively charged anions) are responsible for maintaining membrane potentials.
- Resting potential results from graded potential.
- Action Potential results from membrane potentially switching direction briefly.
- Voltage-gated ion channels are essential for generating and propagating electrical signals..
- A specific ion such as potassium (K+) ions can create a potential difference across the cell or other membrane.
- Differences in the number of positive and negative charges across a membrane create an electrical potential difference, or membrane potential.
Membrane Potential
- Membrane Potential describes the difference in electrical charges on either side of the membrane.
- Membrane potentials are characterized by resting membrane potential, graded potentials, and action potential; not electrode potential.
- Action potential is a brief stereotyped (all-or-none) change in membrane potential in the positive direction.
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Description
Test your understanding of key physiological concepts in this self-assessment quiz. Explore topics such as homeostasis, regulatory mechanisms, and cellular processes. Ideal for students studying physiology and related fields.
