PC 2: Flow Down Gradient

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According to the Nernst potential equation, what factors does it account for?

The charge of the particle

Diffusional forces and electrical fields

The ratio of the particles concentration intracellular:extracellular

Distribution of ions close to either side of the membrane (correct)

What does the Nernst potential equation not include?

Flow of ions (current)

Resistance of the membrane to flow

Both A and B (correct)

None of the above

Why is there an unequal distribution of sodium and potassium across the membrane?

Because of the ratio of the particles concentration intracellular:extracellular

Because of the Nernst potential

Because of the charge of the particles

All of the above (correct)

Why is it helpful to understand Nernst potentials?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for potassium?

Because of the Goldman Field equation Signup and view all the answers

In Case 1, which clinical features are less likely to be due to vascular changes in Mary's feet?

15 seconds capillary refill time on the right great toe Signup and view all the answers

In Case 2, what aspect(s) of Robert's medical history best explain his foot swelling?

NYHA stage II heart failure Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what problems do most patients with heart failure develop?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which equation describes the movement of charged particles across a membrane based on electrostatic forces?

Nernst potential Signup and view all the answers

In which situations does diffusion and hydrostatic pressure act together to facilitate filtration through a capillary?

Filtration through a capillary Signup and view all the answers

Which equation describes the balance of a particle moving into or out of a cell, assuming it can cross the membrane?

Nernst equation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a capillary in physiology?

To transport substances to and from tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which forces are difficult to measure experimentally?

Starling forces Signup and view all the answers

Which equation describes the movement of dissolved particles across a membrane based on their concentration gradient?

Fick’s law Signup and view all the answers

What does the Nernst equation tell us about the movement of charged particles across a membrane?

The direction of particle movement Signup and view all the answers

Which equation describes the flow of a substance through a capillary?

Poiseuille’s law Signup and view all the answers

Which forces can "pull" or "push" the same substance in opposite directions in physiology?

Starling forces Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'flux' describe in physiology?

Flow along a defined membrane surface area Signup and view all the answers

Which equation describes the movement of fluid through a system from point A to point B?

Poiseuille's law Signup and view all the answers

What is the driving force for the flow of a substance from point A to point B?

Energy gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the size of the energy gradient and the amount of flow?

Directly related Signup and view all the answers

Which equation describes the movement of charged particles across a membrane based on electrostatic forces?

Nernst potential equation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a capillary in physiology?

To facilitate fluid flow Signup and view all the answers

Which physico-chemical law is most relevant for understanding the movement of charged particles across a membrane?

Ohm's law Signup and view all the answers

According to Fick's law, what factors affect the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

Concentration gradient and surface area Signup and view all the answers

What does Ohm's law state about the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance?

Current is directly proportional to resistance and directly proportional to voltage Signup and view all the answers

What does the Nernst potential equation describe?

The movement of charged particles across a membrane based on their concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a capillary in physiology?

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains Robert's foot swelling in Case 2?

Decreased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of Robert's shortness of breath in Case 2?

Increased respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of impaired 'forward-flow' in heart failure?

Impaired function of the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood in heart failure due to 'fluid backup'?

It backs up in the venous system Signup and view all the answers

According to Fick's law, the rate of diffusion is affected by various parameters. Which of the following is NOT one of those parameters?

Electrostatic pressure gradient Signup and view all the answers

According to Poiseuille's law, which of the following is the most important determinant of resistance in a vessel?

Cross-sectional size of the vessel (radius) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a process in the body that depends on the flow of a substance down a gradient?

Na+/K+ pump Signup and view all the answers

According to Pouiseille's law, what happens to the flow when the radius of a tube/vessel decreases by half?

The flow decreases by a factor of 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that can affect the flow/flux of substances through capillaries?

Solubility of the substance Signup and view all the answers

PC 2: Flow Down Gradient

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Questions and Answers

According to the Nernst potential equation, what factors does it account for?

What does the Nernst potential equation not include?

Why is there an unequal distribution of sodium and potassium across the membrane?

Why is it helpful to understand Nernst potentials?

Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for potassium?

In Case 1, which clinical features are less likely to be due to vascular changes in Mary's feet?

In Case 2, what aspect(s) of Robert's medical history best explain his foot swelling?

According to the text, what problems do most patients with heart failure develop?

According to the text, which equation describes the movement of charged particles across a membrane based on electrostatic forces?

In which situations does diffusion and hydrostatic pressure act together to facilitate filtration through a capillary?

Which equation describes the balance of a particle moving into or out of a cell, assuming it can cross the membrane?

What is the purpose of a capillary in physiology?

Which forces are difficult to measure experimentally?

Which equation describes the movement of dissolved particles across a membrane based on their concentration gradient?

What does the Nernst equation tell us about the movement of charged particles across a membrane?

Which equation describes the flow of a substance through a capillary?

Which forces can "pull" or "push" the same substance in opposite directions in physiology?

What does the term 'flux' describe in physiology?

Which equation describes the movement of fluid through a system from point A to point B?

What is the driving force for the flow of a substance from point A to point B?

What is the relationship between the size of the energy gradient and the amount of flow?

Which equation describes the movement of charged particles across a membrane based on electrostatic forces?

What is the purpose of a capillary in physiology?

Which physico-chemical law is most relevant for understanding the movement of charged particles across a membrane?

According to Fick's law, what factors affect the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

What does Ohm's law state about the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance?

What does the Nernst potential equation describe?

What is the purpose of a capillary in physiology?

Which of the following best explains Robert's foot swelling in Case 2?

What is the most likely cause of Robert's shortness of breath in Case 2?

Which of the following is a consequence of impaired 'forward-flow' in heart failure?

What happens to blood in heart failure due to 'fluid backup'?

According to Fick's law, the rate of diffusion is affected by various parameters. Which of the following is NOT one of those parameters?

According to Poiseuille's law, which of the following is the most important determinant of resistance in a vessel?

Which of the following is NOT a process in the body that depends on the flow of a substance down a gradient?

According to Pouiseille's law, what happens to the flow when the radius of a tube/vessel decreases by half?

Which of the following is a factor that can affect the flow/flux of substances through capillaries?

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