Physiology Concepts II
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best explains Robert's foot swelling?

  • Impaired blood supply to important tissues
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Fluid backup in the venous system (correct)
  • High blood pressure

    • What is the most likely cause of Robert's shortness of breath?

  • Impaired blood supply to important tissues
  • High blood pressure
  • Decreased cardiac output (correct)
  • Fluid backup in the venous system

    • Which aspect of Robert's medical history is related to the physicochemical laws?

  • His swollen feet
  • His blood pressure (correct)
  • His foot swelling
  • His shortness of breath

    • What is the medical term for impaired 'forward-flow' in heart failure?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for 'fluid backup' in heart failure?

    <p>Fluid backup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of the poor blood supply to important tissues in heart failure?

    <p>Impaired blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of the blood not being moved from the veins at its usual rate in heart failure?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of the blood 'backing up' in the venous system in heart failure?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of Robert's respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of Robert's blood pressure of 156/98 mm Hg?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which law describes the flow of substances through a capillary?

    <p>Poiseuille’s law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In physiology, which forces often act on the same substance in opposite directions?

    <p>Diffusion and hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a capillary in transporting substances to and from tissues?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variables are involved in the simplified Starling forces?

    <p>Fluid within the capillary, fluid within the interstitial space, protein leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe flow along a defined membrane surface area?

    <p>Flux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forces are difficult to measure experimentally according to the text?

    <p>Starling forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the movement of charged particles across a membrane based on electrostatic forces?

    <p>Nernst potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inverse of resistance in the context of the text?

    <p>Leakiness of the capillary wall to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law describes the flow of substances through a capillary?

    <p>Poiseuille’s law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fluid within the interstitial space?

    <p>ISF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation describes the Nernst potential?

    <p>E_P = (RT/nF) ln([P]_i/[P]_o)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has a Nernst potential close to -90 mV?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there an unequal distribution of sodium and potassium across the membrane?

    <p>ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium potential for potassium?

    <p>Other ions are involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Goldman Field equation predict?

    <p>The membrane potential when it is permeable to more than one substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many physico-chemical laws are in play in the case of Mary's vascular changes?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is less likely to be due to vascular changes in Mary's case?

    <p>Inability to distinguish between sharp and dull stimuli over the right foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus does Mary have?

    <p>Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the NYHA stage of heart failure that Robert has?

    <p>Stage II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main medication used to control Mary's diabetes?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

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