Physiology Concepts II
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best explains Robert's foot swelling?

  • Impaired blood supply to important tissues
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Fluid backup in the venous system (correct)
  • High blood pressure

What is the most likely cause of Robert's shortness of breath?

  • Impaired blood supply to important tissues
  • High blood pressure
  • Decreased cardiac output (correct)
  • Fluid backup in the venous system

Which aspect of Robert's medical history is related to the physicochemical laws?

  • His swollen feet
  • His blood pressure (correct)
  • His foot swelling
  • His shortness of breath

What is the medical term for impaired 'forward-flow' in heart failure?

<p>Decreased cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for 'fluid backup' in heart failure?

<p>Fluid backup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the poor blood supply to important tissues in heart failure?

<p>Impaired blood supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the blood not being moved from the veins at its usual rate in heart failure?

<p>Decreased cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the blood 'backing up' in the venous system in heart failure?

<p>Decreased cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of Robert's respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min?

<p>Decreased cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of Robert's blood pressure of 156/98 mm Hg?

<p>High blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which law describes the flow of substances through a capillary?

<p>Poiseuille’s law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In physiology, which forces often act on the same substance in opposite directions?

<p>Diffusion and hydrostatic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a capillary in transporting substances to and from tissues?

<p>Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variables are involved in the simplified Starling forces?

<p>Fluid within the capillary, fluid within the interstitial space, protein leakage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe flow along a defined membrane surface area?

<p>Flux (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which forces are difficult to measure experimentally according to the text?

<p>Starling forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the movement of charged particles across a membrane based on electrostatic forces?

<p>Nernst potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inverse of resistance in the context of the text?

<p>Leakiness of the capillary wall to water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law describes the flow of substances through a capillary?

<p>Poiseuille’s law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the fluid within the interstitial space?

<p>ISF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation describes the Nernst potential?

<p>E_P = (RT/nF) ln([P]_i/[P]_o) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion has a Nernst potential close to -90 mV?

<p>Potassium (K+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there an unequal distribution of sodium and potassium across the membrane?

<p>ATPase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium potential for potassium?

<p>Other ions are involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Goldman Field equation predict?

<p>The membrane potential when it is permeable to more than one substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many physico-chemical laws are in play in the case of Mary's vascular changes?

<p>One (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical feature is less likely to be due to vascular changes in Mary's case?

<p>Inability to distinguish between sharp and dull stimuli over the right foot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes mellitus does Mary have?

<p>Type 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the NYHA stage of heart failure that Robert has?

<p>Stage II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main medication used to control Mary's diabetes?

<p>Metformin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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