Physiology Chapter: Nervous & Cardiac Systems
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Questions and Answers

What defines isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)?

  • SBP > 140 mm Hg and DBP < 100 mm Hg
  • SBP < 140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg
  • SBP > 140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg (correct)
  • SBP > 120 mm Hg and DBP < 80 mm Hg

    • Which statement best describes the role of pulse pressure in cardiovascular health?

  • Pulse pressure is only influenced by diastolic blood pressure.
  • Pulse pressure is irrelevant to cardiovascular morbidity.
  • Higher pulse pressures correlate with increased risk of arterial wall stiffness. (correct)
  • Higher pulse pressures are linked to improved cardiovascular function.

    • Which systems are included in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

  • Only the sensory nerves connected to the brain
  • Exclusively the autonomic nervous system paralleled with the CNS
  • Nerves that extend from the CNS to limbs and organs (correct)
  • The brain and spinal cord exclusively

    • What is the primary function of the afferent nervous system?

    <p>To relay nerve signals from the PNS to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling heart rate?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the efferent nervous system encompass?

    <p>Both autonomic and somatic motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is incorrect regarding the somatic nervous system?

    <p>It is responsible for reflexes independent of conscious control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During increased physical activity, what occurs immediately through the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Increase in heart rate and oxygen delivery to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the synthesis of catecholamines?

    <p>Importing of tyrosine from extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of neurons does catecholamine biosynthesis terminate with the production of dopamine?

    <p>Dopaminergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme directly facilitates the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine?

    <p>DA-β-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of catecholamine biosynthesis in relation to drug design?

    <p>It has multiple enzymes that can be drug targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precursor molecule in the synthesis of catecholamines?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurotransmitter produced in sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What further modification occurs to norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?

    <p>It is converted to epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is involved in the inactivation of norepinephrine?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the alteration of blood pressure in short-term neural controls?

    <p>Altering peripheral resistance and cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for detecting an increase in blood pressure via baroreceptors?

    <p>Vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chemoreceptors contribute to blood pressure regulation?

    <p>By monitoring oxygen content and blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the vasomotor center to trigger vasoconstriction during blood pressure reduction?

    <p>Signal from baroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of control is responsible for long-term blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Renal mechanisms affecting blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of exercise, how does blood distribution change?

    <p>Less blood is delivered to the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback mechanism is primarily involved in the baroreceptor response?

    <p>Negative feedback to stabilize blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do higher brain centers play in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Supply inputs that influence sympathetic nervous activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve fibers are responsible for transmitting signals in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure acts as clusters of cell bodies where preganglionic and postganglionic fibers connect?

    <p>Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are neurotransmitters released when a nerve signal terminates at the postganglionic nerve fibers?

    <p>Through receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate in response to stress?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the neurotransmitters released at the organ being innervated?

    <p>To transfer nerve signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the autonomic nervous system signal propagation, what manner do nerve signals travel through the fibers?

    <p>Via action potential propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Controlling voluntary muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurotransmitters from a postganglionic nerve fiber reach distant sites?

    <p>Via the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the vasoconstriction of smooth muscle in the vasculature?

    <p>Excess stimulation of the RAAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does stimulation of the b1-receptors have on the heart?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dysfunction of baroreceptors can lead to which of the following outcomes?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological area is NOT associated with increasing blood pressure when stimulated?

    <p>Vagal nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hyperinsulinemia contribute to increased blood pressure?

    <p>By increasing renal sodium retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely physiological consequence of excess norepinephrine release from presynaptic neurons?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding a2-receptors is accurate?

    <p>They block norepinephrine release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic alterations of cell membranes can affect which aspect of blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Alter adrenergic receptor responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the bulbous swellings along the nerve terminal that contain neurotransmitter vesicles called?

    <p>Varicosities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features contributes to the synchronization of smooth muscle contractions?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural component of a thin filament in smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Polymers of actin molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site on the myosin head is crucial for ATP splitting during smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Myosin ATPase site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows smooth muscle to maintain contraction with low energy costs?

    <p>Lengthened contraction cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences smooth muscle activity, apart from autonomic neurotransmitters?

    <p>Calcium channel permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a smooth muscle contraction occur in relation to filament movement?

    <p>Thin filaments slide inward over thick filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of smooth muscle contraction compared to skeletal muscle contraction?

    <p>It can maintain tension for longer durations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in cardiac output?

    <p>Increased heart rate and stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct influencer of cardiac output?

    <p>Stroke volume and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two factors primarily influence mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which valve does blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular systole, what happens to the semilunar valves?

    <p>Open to allow blood ejection into the aorta and pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does afterload influence stroke volume?

    <p>Increasing the force required to eject blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

    <p>Vessel radius and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasodilation of arterioles causes which of the following effects?

    <p>Decreased TPR and reduced MAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic stimulation affect blood pressure?

    <p>Increases heart rate and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best explains primary hypertension?

    <p>Persistent activation of the RAAS and sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that pulse pressure is defined?

    <p>The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in cardiac output have on mean arterial pressure (MAP) when TPR is constant?

    <p>MAP increases proportionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing nitric oxide in endothelial cells?

    <p>Nitric oxide synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does endothelial dysfunction contribute to hypertension?

    <p>Promoting vasoconstriction and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect characterizes angiotensin II's role in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Promotes vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of primary hypertension development?

    <p>Increased sympathetic output and overactivation of the RAAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors leads to which response?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased TPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in hypertension?

    <p>Increasing sodium retention and blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response describes the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

    <p>MAP = CO x TPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily associated with genetic contributors to hypertension?

    <p>Sodium retention and increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and its action on receptors?

    <p>Acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the effect of increased preload on stroke volume in the heart?

    <p>It enhances stroke volume via the Frank-Starling mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes afterload and its impact on cardiac function?

    <p>Increased afterload reduces stroke volume by raising end-systolic volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the role of calcium in smooth muscle contraction primarily impact the process?

    <p>Calcium interacts with calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are involved in adrenergic transmission?

    <p>Norepinephrine and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological significance of the Frank-Starling Law?

    <p>It indicates that higher venous return directly correlates to increased stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors primarily influence resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system?

    <p>Vessel length, vessel diameter, and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in physiological responses?

    <p>Stimulates the 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vessel diameter affect resistance in the circulatory system?

    <p>Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of baroreceptors?

    <p>Detect changes in blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily contributes to the renin release in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased renal perfusion or sodium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in the regulation of vascular tone?

    <p>It activates guanylate cyclase, promoting vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does preload have on stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling mechanism?

    <p>Increases stroke volume through myocardial contractility enhancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by persistent blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher?

    <p>Primary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily influences total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

    <p>Diameter of arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does angiotensin II have on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Induces vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does endothelial dysfunction affect hypertension?

    <p>Leads to increased vascular resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased sympathetic nervous system overactivity?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily responsible for inducing vasodilation in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Beta-2 adrenergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does increased pulse pressure indicate regarding cardiovascular health?

    <p>Increased arterial stiffness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It stimulates water retention leading to increased blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cardiac output, what components must be considered?

    <p>Heart rate and stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the regulation of blood pressure over the long term?

    <p>Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter primarily mediates the actions of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased preload affect stroke volume?

    <p>It enhances stroke volume through the Frank-Starling mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes afterload?

    <p>The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium binds to calmodulin, activating MLCK to promote contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are primarily involved in the vasoconstriction of non-essential tissues during sympathetic activation?

    <p>Alpha-1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the force of contraction related to cardiac muscle fiber length according to the Frank-Starling Law?

    <p>It is directly proportional to fiber length up to a limit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a part of adrenergic transmission?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in vessel length have on blood flow resistance?

    <p>It increases resistance to blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the presynaptic terminals?

    <p>Inhibiting the release of norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of beta-1 adrenergic receptors on the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulation of renin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of unmanaged hypertension affecting the brain?

    <p>Stroke and cognitive decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta-2 adrenergic receptors primarily induce which type of physiological change?

    <p>Vasodilation in specific vascular beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to result from prolonged stimulation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Heart failure and hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of alpha-2 receptors compared to alpha-1 receptors?

    <p>Alpha-2 receptors inhibit norepinephrine release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alpha-2 adrenergic receptors influence overall sympathetic activity?

    <p>They act as an autoregulatory feedback mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between beta-1 adrenergic receptors and the cardiac output?

    <p>They increase cardiac output by stimulating heart contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased sympathetic output have on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases heart rate and contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in blood viscosity affect vascular resistance?

    <p>It increases resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of RAAS, what triggers the release of renin?

    <p>Decreased renal perfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endothelial cells in regulating vascular tone?

    <p>They release both vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the concept of Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)?

    <p>The combined resistance across the entire systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does nitric oxide utilize to induce vasodilation?

    <p>Activates guanylate cyclase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary component influences stroke volume according to the cardiac output equation?

    <p>Preload, afterload, and contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does persistent hypertension indicate about underlying mechanisms?

    <p>There is typically a combination of genetic and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Valves are closed, and ventricles contract without changing volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does vasoconstriction have on total peripheral resistance?

    <p>It increases TPR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased vascular tone relate to adrenergic receptor activity?

    <p>It increases with alpha-1 receptor stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>It is influenced by both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>They modulate sympathetic and parasympathetic responses based on blood pressure levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Summarize the general function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
    • Differentiate between neurotransmitters and receptors of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
    • Compare and contrast cholinergic and adrenergic transmission
    • Describe the biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines and acetylcholine
    • List the different cholinergic and adrenergic receptors
    • Interpret equations for mean arterial pressure and cardiac output (e.g., define the relationship between stroke volume and cardiac output)
    • Calculate mean arterial pressure
    • Diagram the pathway of blood through the chambers of the heart and peripheral circulatory system
    • Compare and contrast the function of myocardial contractile cells and autorhythmic cells
    • During each phase of the cardiac cycle, compare and contrast ventricular pressure and blood volume in atria and ventricles
    • Define end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, isovolumetric contraction, and isovolumetric relaxation
    • Explain the influence of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system on heart rate and stroke volume
    • Describe factors that regulate stroke volume (preload, contractility, and afterload)
    • Describe the length-tension relationship (Frank-Starling relationship)
    • Compare the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
    • Compare the influence of blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter on resistance
    • Describe the relationship between cardiac output, blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance
    • Outline the baroreceptor reflex
    • Compare and contrast hormones and their effect on blood pressure (epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, ADH, ANP, aldosterone)
    • Illustrate the structure and organization of vascular smooth muscle
    • Outline the steps of smooth muscle contraction (emphasis on Ca2+)
    • Describe the role of smooth muscle cells in influencing vascular tone
    • Illustrate the role of the autonomic nervous system and other mediators on vascular resistance
    • Describe the physiological responses of the autonomic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and the kidneys for the regulation of blood pressure
    • Identify pathogenic mechanisms that increase cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
    • Describe the role of peripheral autoregulatory mechanisms, endothelial cells, and electrolytes in the pathophysiology of hypertension

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in physiology related to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, including neurotransmitter functions and receptor types. Additionally, it explores the cardiac cycle, mean arterial pressure calculations, and the unique roles of different cardiac cells. Test your understanding of how these systems interact to maintain homeostasis.

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