Cardiac Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical resting heart rate?

  • 120-150 beats per minute
  • 40-60 beats per minute
  • 80-120 beats per minute
  • 60-100 beats per minute (correct)

What is the intrinsic firing rate of the SA node?

  • 40-60 beats per minute
  • 60-100 beats per minute
  • 100-150 beats per minute (correct)
  • 150-200 beats per minute

How does vagal tone normally affect the resting heart rate?

  • Stabilizes it
  • Increases it
  • Has no effect on it
  • Decreases it (correct)

What is the heart rate range associated with maximum cardiac output?

<p>90-110 beats per minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors influence heart rate through the detection of blood pressure changes?

<p>Baroreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of norepinephrine on heart rate?

<p>Increases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of potassium levels on heart rate?

<p>Decreases heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Frank–Starling law match stroke volume to venous return?

<p>By increasing stroke volume as venous return increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the definitions and cardiac effects of positive and negative inotropic agents?

<p>Positive inotropic agents increase contractility, while negative inotropic agents decrease contractility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for abnormally fast resting heart rate?

<p>Tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are preload, contractility, and afterload related to stroke volume?

<p>Preload and contractility both increase stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of acetylcholine on heart rate?

<p>Inhibiting SA node firing rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of well-conditioned athletes on resting heart rates?

<p>They have unusually low resting heart rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

<p>By increasing the firing rate of the SA node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors influence in relation to heart rate?

<p>The rate and rhythm of the heartbeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of digitalis on contractility?

<p>It increases contractility by stimulating calcium entry into myocardial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the maximum amount of blood that can be ejected from the ventricle?

<p>Stroke volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone affects heart rate by increasing the firing rate of the SA node?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of certain diseases on cardiac output through afterload?

<p>They reduce cardiac output by increasing afterload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vagal tone in relation to the resting heart rate?

<p>Vagal tone decreases the resting heart rate by inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do potassium levels affect heart rate?

<p>High potassium levels decrease heart rate by inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of positive chronotropic agents on heart rate?

<p>They increase heart rate by inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do well-conditioned athletes affect resting heart rates?

<p>Well-conditioned athletes have lower resting heart rates due to increased parasympathetic nervous system activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of calcium on myocardial contractility?

<p>Calcium increases contractility by increasing the firing rate of the SA node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do certain diseases reduce cardiac output through afterload?

<p>Certain diseases increase afterload, leading to a reduction in cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of baroreceptors in influencing heart rate?

<p>Baroreceptors decrease heart rate by detecting high blood pressure and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise increase cardiac output?

<p>Exercise increases cardiac output by primarily increasing stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of norepinephrine on heart rate?

<p>Increases the firing rate of the SA node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vagal tone normally hold the resting heart rate below the intrinsic firing rate of the SA node?

<p>By increasing the release of acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cardiac effects of negative inotropic agents?

<p>Decrease myocardial contractility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do certain diseases reduce cardiac output by increasing afterload?

<p>By decreasing myocardial contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of calcium on myocardial contractility?

<p>Increases myocardial contractility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of potassium levels on heart rate?

<p>Increases heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal mechanism by which exercise increases cardiac output?

<p>By increasing sympathetic activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for abnormally slow resting heart rate?

<p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart rate range associated with maximum cardiac output?

<p>100-120 beats per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does norepinephrine affect contractility?

<p>Increases contractility by promoting the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting heart rate?

<p>60-100 beats per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

<p>Increases heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of norepinephrine on heart rate?

<p>Increases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Frank–Starling law of the heart match stroke volume to venous return?

<p>By increasing stroke volume with increased venous return (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic firing rate of the SA node?

<p>$100 beats per minute$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones affect heart rate?

<p>By changing the firing rate of the SA node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do certain diseases have on cardiac output through afterload?

<p>Increase cardiac output by increasing afterload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise influence cardiac output?

<p>By increasing cardiac output through increased heart rate and stroke volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of potassium levels on heart rate?

<p>$Decreasing potassium levels increases heart rate$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effects do positive inotropic agents have on the heart?

<p>Increase contractility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of well-conditioned athletes on resting heart rates?

<p>Decreasing resting heart rates due to increased vagal tone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

<p>It increases heart rate by stimulating the SA node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting heart rate and how does it change with age?

<p>60-100 bpm and decreases with age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones affect heart rate?

<p>Their effect on heart rate varies depending on the hormone and its mechanism of action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms by which exercise increases cardiac output?

<p>By increasing contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the definitions and cardiac effects of negative inotropic agents?

<p>They decrease contractility and stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do certain diseases reduce cardiac output by increasing afterload?

<p>By increasing the resistance to blood flow in the blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic firing rate of the SA node and how does vagal tone normally hold the resting heart rate below this?

<p>$100-150$ bpm and vagal tone decreases firing rate to $60-100$ bpm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of preload, contractility, and afterload, and how each one affects stroke volume?

<p>They have distinct effects on stroke volume by influencing ventricular filling and ejection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do norepinephrine, glucagon, and digitalis affect contractility?

<p>They all increase contractility by stimulating myocardial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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