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Questions and Answers
What percentage of an adult male's body weight is composed of proteins?
What percentage of an adult male's body weight is composed of proteins?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting total body water?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting total body water?
What is the primary function of the cell as described?
What is the primary function of the cell as described?
What distinguishes intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid?
What distinguishes intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid?
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Which component is the highest in percentage in an adult male's body composition?
Which component is the highest in percentage in an adult male's body composition?
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As a person ages, what typically happens to their total body water content?
As a person ages, what typically happens to their total body water content?
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What is the percentage breakdown of extracellular fluid between interstitial fluid and plasma?
What is the percentage breakdown of extracellular fluid between interstitial fluid and plasma?
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What defines the study of Physiology?
What defines the study of Physiology?
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What initiates a vascular spasm during the hemostasis process?
What initiates a vascular spasm during the hemostasis process?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for platelets adhering to collagen during platelet plug formation?
Which factor is primarily responsible for platelets adhering to collagen during platelet plug formation?
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What is the final step in the coagulation pathway before the formation of a fibrin mesh?
What is the final step in the coagulation pathway before the formation of a fibrin mesh?
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What is the primary function of plasmin in the context of hemostasis?
What is the primary function of plasmin in the context of hemostasis?
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Which of the following substances is NOT involved in stimulating vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
Which of the following substances is NOT involved in stimulating vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
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What balance must be maintained to prevent issues during hemostasis?
What balance must be maintained to prevent issues during hemostasis?
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The conversion of prothrombin into thrombin occurs through which process?
The conversion of prothrombin into thrombin occurs through which process?
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What can result from excessive fibrinolysis during the hemostasis process?
What can result from excessive fibrinolysis during the hemostasis process?
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What is the primary cation found in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary cation found in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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What condition arises when water loss exceeds water gain?
What condition arises when water loss exceeds water gain?
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Which of the following factors is NOT maintained homeostatically in the internal environment?
Which of the following factors is NOT maintained homeostatically in the internal environment?
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Which system is responsible for releasing hormones to regulate cellular functions?
Which system is responsible for releasing hormones to regulate cellular functions?
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How is the total body water distributed in an adult male?
How is the total body water distributed in an adult male?
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Which of these components makes up the majority of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of these components makes up the majority of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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What physiological factor contributes to lower total body water content in females compared to males?
What physiological factor contributes to lower total body water content in females compared to males?
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Which body system primarily aids in the defense against foreign invaders?
Which body system primarily aids in the defense against foreign invaders?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of water gain in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a source of water gain in the body?
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What is the significance of maintaining a constant pH of 7.4 in the body?
What is the significance of maintaining a constant pH of 7.4 in the body?
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Which body system facilitates gas exchange, ensuring oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release?
Which body system facilitates gas exchange, ensuring oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release?
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What is the main risk of both overhydration and dehydration?
What is the main risk of both overhydration and dehydration?
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What component is vital for the continuous movement of blood in the body?
What component is vital for the continuous movement of blood in the body?
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Which factor does NOT lead to a decrease in total body water content?
Which factor does NOT lead to a decrease in total body water content?
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What is the main cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the main cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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Which fluid component represents the majority of body fluids?
Which fluid component represents the majority of body fluids?
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What major ion is predominantly found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What major ion is predominantly found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
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Which system is primarily responsible for transporting water and nutrients around the body?
Which system is primarily responsible for transporting water and nutrients around the body?
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What does overhydration refer to?
What does overhydration refer to?
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What is a primary cause of dehydration?
What is a primary cause of dehydration?
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Which statement about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is true?
Which statement about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is true?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys in terms of homeostasis?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in terms of homeostasis?
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Which factor is NOT typically maintained during homeostasis?
Which factor is NOT typically maintained during homeostasis?
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In terms of body fluid distribution, how is plasma characterized?
In terms of body fluid distribution, how is plasma characterized?
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Which physiological system does NOT contribute directly to homeostasis?
Which physiological system does NOT contribute directly to homeostasis?
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Which of the following substances is a significant contributor to the composition of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of the following substances is a significant contributor to the composition of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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How much water is generally lost through urine under normal conditions?
How much water is generally lost through urine under normal conditions?
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Which neurotransmitter is NOT typically released at sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT typically released at sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
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What type of adrenergic receptor is activated by norepinephrine in the sympathetic system?
What type of adrenergic receptor is activated by norepinephrine in the sympathetic system?
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Which statement correctly describes the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which statement correctly describes the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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What is the primary function of globulins in plasma?
What is the primary function of globulins in plasma?
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What is the average blood volume in a female individual?
What is the average blood volume in a female individual?
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Which component of blood constitutes approximately 55% of its volume?
Which component of blood constitutes approximately 55% of its volume?
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What type of receptors are present in the autonomic ganglia?
What type of receptors are present in the autonomic ganglia?
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What is the function of albumin in plasma?
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
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Which of the following cells is NOT categorized as a granulocyte?
Which of the following cells is NOT categorized as a granulocyte?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood coagulation?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood coagulation?
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What hormonal response is triggered by hypoxia to regulate red blood cell production?
What hormonal response is triggered by hypoxia to regulate red blood cell production?
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Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for defending against infection?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for defending against infection?
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Which component of blood is NOT involved in transport functions?
Which component of blood is NOT involved in transport functions?
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Which white blood cells primarily focus on killing parasitic worms?
Which white blood cells primarily focus on killing parasitic worms?
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What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
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Which nutrient is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Which nutrient is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What type of cell develops into macrophages in tissues?
What type of cell develops into macrophages in tissues?
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Which of the following hormones stimulates erythropoietin secretion?
Which of the following hormones stimulates erythropoietin secretion?
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What is the function of basophils in the body?
What is the function of basophils in the body?
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Which blood group has no agglutinins in the plasma?
Which blood group has no agglutinins in the plasma?
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During chemotherapy, which type of cell is primarily affected leading to leukopenia?
During chemotherapy, which type of cell is primarily affected leading to leukopenia?
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Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is incorrect?
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What is the role of cobalamin (Vitamin B12) in erythropoiesis?
What is the role of cobalamin (Vitamin B12) in erythropoiesis?
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What percentage of white blood cells are lymphocytes?
What percentage of white blood cells are lymphocytes?
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What is the development time range for neutrophils?
What is the development time range for neutrophils?
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Which factor contributes to the regulation of pH in blood?
Which factor contributes to the regulation of pH in blood?
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Which statement about red blood cell structure is correct?
Which statement about red blood cell structure is correct?
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What is the anatomical origin of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the anatomical origin of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the contraction of the constrictor pupillae muscle?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the contraction of the constrictor pupillae muscle?
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Which of the following effects is caused by the sympathetic division on the heart?
Which of the following effects is caused by the sympathetic division on the heart?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with inhibition of the bladder wall?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with inhibition of the bladder wall?
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What function is performed by the vagus nerve in the respiratory system?
What function is performed by the vagus nerve in the respiratory system?
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Which type of autonomic ganglia primarily relays preganglionic sympathetic fibers?
Which type of autonomic ganglia primarily relays preganglionic sympathetic fibers?
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?
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Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which of the following is true regarding the anatomical origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is true regarding the anatomical origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following best describes the function of terminal ganglia?
Which of the following best describes the function of terminal ganglia?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of splanchnic division functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of splanchnic division functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?
What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the skin?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the skin?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition and Physiology
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue, forming approximately 8% of a 70 kg male's body weight.
- Average blood volume is 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females.
- Blood is composed of:
- Plasma (55%)
- Blood cells (45%)
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
- Hematocrit (PCV) is the percentage of RBCs in total blood volume.
Blood Functions
- Transport: Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
- Regulation: Acid-base balance, blood pressure.
- Defense: Against infection (WBCs and immune system).
- Hemostasis: Stoppage of bleeding (platelets and clotting factors).
Plasma Composition
- Plasma is 90% water, 9% organic constituents (proteins, etc.), inorganic constituents, and blood gases.
- Plasma that has had clotting factors removed is called serum.
- Plasma proteins include:
- Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, transports molecules.
- Globulins: Transport hormones and fat-soluble vitamins; gamma globulins are antibodies.
- Fibrinogen: Forms fibrin for blood clots.
- Prothrombin: Plays a role in blood clotting.
Blood Cells: Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Major categories:
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils (most common, engulf bacteria), eosinophils (combat parasites, destroy antigen-antibody complexes), basophils (release histamine and heparin).
- Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells, immune responses), monocytes (phagocytic, develop into macrophages in tissues).
Blood Cells: Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Average count: 5 million/mm³ in males, 4.2-5.2 million/mm³ in females.
- Biconcave disc shape for gas exchange, flexible for capillary passage.
- Primary component: Hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
- No nucleus or mitochondria.
- Life span: 120 days.
- Erythropoiesis: RBC production.
-
Sites of RBC formation:
- Fetus: Liver and spleen
- Children: Red bone marrow of axial and appendicular skeletons.
- Adults: Primarily red bone marrow of axial skeleton.
Erythropoiesis Regulation
-
Hypoxia: Low oxygen stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production.
-
EPO source: Primarily kidney (85%), some liver (15%)
-
Nutrients for Erythropoiesis:
- Vitamin B12 (liver)
- Folic Acid (leaves, fish)
- Vitamin B6 (eggs, whole grains)
- Amino acids (protein resources)
- Vitamin C (absorption aid)
- Iron: Essential for Hb synthesis.
-
Hormones Affecting Erythropoiesis:
- Testosterone stimulates EPO.
- Thyroid hormones increase cell metabolism.
- Cortisol increases RBC formation.
Blood Groups
- ABO system: Based on antigens (A, B) on RBCs.
-
Rh system: Presence/absence of antigen D determines Rh+ or Rh-.
- Rh+ve is common (85%).
Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)
- A series of steps that stop bleeding.
-
Stages:
- Vascular spasm: Initiated by nerve impulses and chemical factors.
- Platelet plug formation: Platelets adhere to collagen and degranulate, releasing factors to enhance clotting and cause vasoconstriction.
- Coagulation: Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways result in thrombin converting fibrinogen to fibrin for clot formation.
- Fibrinolysis: Breakdown of fibrin by plasmin, preventing clots from staying too long.
Anticoagulants
- Prevent blood clotting.
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Description
Test your knowledge of fundamental physiological concepts, including body composition, fluid distribution, and the functions of cells. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how various factors affect the human body and its workings. Perfect for students of biology and health sciences.
