Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
68 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sodium in the body?

  • Neutralizing charge with potassium ions
  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Maintaining skin integrity
  • Regulating water balance (correct)

    • What is the normal range of sodium levels in the blood?

  • 120-130 mEq/L
  • 135-145 mEq/L (correct)
  • 145-155 mEq/L
  • 155-165 mEq/L

    • Which hormone regulates sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules?

  • Thyroxine
  • Adrenaline
  • Insulin
  • Aldosterone (correct)

    • What percentage of total body weight is made up of Intracellular Fluids (ICF)?

    <p>42%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid outside of cells, including interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular fluid?

    <p>Extracellular Fluid (ECF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients with fluid volume excess avoid high-sodium foods?

    <p>To reduce fluid retention and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should nurses assess circulation to extremities in patients with fluid volume excess?

    <p>Every 8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of ions such as Na+, K+, and Ca++?

    <p>Positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water into or out of a cell based on the concentration of solutes?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal concentration of potassium (K+) in the intravascular fluid?

    <p>5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the kidney in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?

    <p>Ion transport and water movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell would swell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body fluid is made up of Extracellular Fluid (ECF) in a newborn infant?

    <p>More than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of osmosis?

    <p>Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates fluid intake?

    <p>Thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Deficiency of ADH leading to polyuria and polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for severe hyponatremia with CNS symptoms?

    <p>Saline (3% or 5% NaCl) in addition to fluid restriction and furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypovolemia?

    <p>Loss of ECF volume exceeding the intake of fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the laboratory finding in hypovolemia?

    <p>Increased hgb and hct, increased serum and urine osmolality and specific gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of SIADH?

    <p>Inappropriate secretion of ADH with water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of filtration?

    <p>Movement across a membrane, under pressure, from higher to lower pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide?

    <p>Inhibition of aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypervolemia?

    <p>Overzealous administration of Na+ fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of fluid volume status in an adult?

    <p>Daily weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of hypervolemia?

    <p>Edema and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of fluid volume excess?

    <p>Increased total body sodium content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of isotonic retention of body substances in hypervolemia?

    <p>Essentially normal serum sodium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of severe volume overload?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of collaborative care management for fluid volume excess?

    <p>To restore normal fluid balance and provide symptomatic care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of trapping water in the interstitial spaces?

    <p>Unavailability of water for metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing consideration for edema of specific organs?

    <p>Edema can be life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complication of severe volume overload?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of fluid volume status in an adult?

    <p>Daily weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of hypervolemia?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of collaborative care management for fluid volume excess?

    <p>Restore normal fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of isotonic retention of body substances in hypervolemia?

    <p>No change in serum sodium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing consideration for edema of specific organs?

    <p>Edema of specific organs can be life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of fluid volume excess?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of trapping water in the interstitial spaces?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of active transport?

    <p>Movement of ions against osmotic pressure to an area of higher pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates fluid output in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Diabetes Insipidus?

    <p>ADH deficiency leading to polyuria and polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypovolemia?

    <p>Inadequate fluid intake and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the laboratory finding in SIADH?

    <p>Low serum sodium and osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for mild hyponatremia?

    <p>Fluid restriction and increased salt intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of osmosis?

    <p>Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of hypovolemia?

    <p>Loss of water and electrolytes in the same proportion as they exist in normal body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide?

    <p>Inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of filtration?

    <p>Movement across a membrane under pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of dietary modifications for patients with fluid volume excess?

    <p>To control fluid volume and reduce sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are patients with fluid volume excess advised to elevate their extremities?

    <p>To reduce dependent edema, except in cases of significant heart failure or pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sodium in regulating water balance in the body?

    <p>To play a crucial role in regulating water balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones does NOT regulate sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thepurpose of monitoring jugular neck veins and hand veins in patients with fluid volume excess?

    <p>To monitor fluid volume status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of fluid volume excess on the body?

    <p>Edema and potentially heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body weight is made up of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

    <p>17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell will swell and possibly burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the body?

    <p>Water movement, ion transport, and kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal concentration of sodium (Na+) in the intravascular fluid?

    <p>142 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body fluid is made up of Extracellular Fluid (ECF) in a newborn infant?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?

    <p>To facilitate nerve and muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water into or out of a cell based on the concentration of solutes?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Distribution of body fluids:
      • Intracellular fluids (ICF): 42% of total body weight, 28 liters in males, 20 liters in females
      • Extracellular fluids (ECF): 17% of total body weight, consists of interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular fluids

    Electrolytes

    • Definition: charged particles (ions) dissolved in body fluids
    • Types of electrolytes:
      • Cations (positively charged): Na+, K+, Ca++, H+
      • Anions (negatively charged): Cl-, HCO3-, PO43-
    • Electrolyte concentration differs in ICF and ECF

    Normal Electrolyte Content and Body Fluids

    • Sodium (Na+): 142-146 mEq/L in ECF, 15 mEq/L in ICF
    • Potassium (K+): 5 mEq/L in ECF, 150 mEq/L in ICF
    • Calcium (Ca++): 5 mEq/L in ECF, 2 mEq/L in ICF
    • Chloride (Cl-): 102-114 mEq/L in ECF, 1 mEq/L in ICF
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): 27 mEq/L in ECF, 10 mEq/L in ICF

    Homeostasis

    • Maintained by:
      • Water movement
      • Ion transport
      • Kidney function
    • Regulation of body fluids:
      • Thirst regulates fluid intake
      • Fluid output: kidneys, skin, lungs, and GI tract

    Fluid Movement

    • Types of fluid movement:
      • Diffusion: movement of dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane
      • Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
      • Filtration: movement across a membrane under pressure
      • Active transport: movement of ions against osmotic pressure

    Diabetes Insipidus

    • Causes:
      • Hypothalamic tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, head trauma, general anesthetics
      • Oat-cell carcinoma of the lung, leukemia, head injury, brain tumor, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, tuberculosis
    • Pathophysiology:
      • ADH deficiency leading to polyuria and polydipsia
      • Inappropriate secretion of ADH with water retention
    • Laboratory findings:
      • Normal serum sodium and osmolarity if thirst mechanisms intact
      • Low serum sodium and osmolarity if thirst mechanisms impaired
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, polydipsia, craving ice water
      • Weight gain, fingerprinting edema, no peripheral edema

    Hypovolemia

    • Definition: fluid volume deficit occurs when loss of ECF volume exceeds intake of fluid
    • Causes:
      • Vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, fever, excessive sweating, burns, blood loss, GI suction, 3rd space fluid shifts, decreased intake
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Acute weight loss, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, concentrated urine, weak rapid pulse, > cap refill, low CVP, hypotension, flat neck veins, dizzy, weak, increased thirst, confusion, tachycardia, muscle cramps, sunken eyes
    • Laboratory findings:
      • Increased hgb and hct, increased serum and urine osmolality and specific gravity, decreased urine sodium, increased BUN and creatinine, increased urine specific gravity and osmolality

    Hypervolemia

    • Definition: fluid volume excess occurs when abnormal retention of water and sodium in ECF
    • Causes:
      • Compromised regulatory mechanisms: renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, overzealous admin of Na+ fluids, fluid shifts, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, severe stress, hyperaldosteronism
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Acute weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, distended jugular veins, crackles, elevated CVP, SOB, hypertension, bounding pulse, cough, tachypnea
    • Laboratory findings:
      • Decreased hgb and hct, decreased serum and urine osmolality, decreased urine sodium and specific gravity

    Fluid Volume Deficit; Nursing Care

    • Assess vital signs regularly
    • Postural (orthostatic) hypotension: ↓ in sys BP > 15 mmHg or ↑ HR > 15 beats/min
    • Daily weights: single best indicator of fluid volume status in adults
    • Apply safety measures: orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and falls
    • Accurate record of intake and output: record drainage from body orifices and wound(s)
    • Administer free water (flush) to patients receiving enteral feedings
    • Urge caution in drinking coffee, tea, and colas with caffeine, which has a diuretic effect

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Distribution of body fluids:
      • Intracellular fluids (ICF): 42% of total body weight, 28 liters in males, 20 liters in females
      • Extracellular fluids (ECF): 17% of total body weight, consists of interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular fluids

    Electrolytes

    • Definition: charged particles (ions) dissolved in body fluids
    • Types of electrolytes:
      • Cations (positively charged): Na+, K+, Ca++, H+
      • Anions (negatively charged): Cl-, HCO3-, PO43-
    • Electrolyte concentration differs in ICF and ECF

    Normal Electrolyte Content and Body Fluids

    • Sodium (Na+): 142-146 mEq/L in ECF, 15 mEq/L in ICF
    • Potassium (K+): 5 mEq/L in ECF, 150 mEq/L in ICF
    • Calcium (Ca++): 5 mEq/L in ECF, 2 mEq/L in ICF
    • Chloride (Cl-): 102-114 mEq/L in ECF, 1 mEq/L in ICF
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): 27 mEq/L in ECF, 10 mEq/L in ICF

    Homeostasis

    • Maintained by:
      • Water movement
      • Ion transport
      • Kidney function
    • Regulation of body fluids:
      • Thirst regulates fluid intake
      • Fluid output: kidneys, skin, lungs, and GI tract

    Fluid Movement

    • Types of fluid movement:
      • Diffusion: movement of dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane
      • Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
      • Filtration: movement across a membrane under pressure
      • Active transport: movement of ions against osmotic pressure

    Diabetes Insipidus

    • Causes:
      • Hypothalamic tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, head trauma, general anesthetics
      • Oat-cell carcinoma of the lung, leukemia, head injury, brain tumor, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, tuberculosis
    • Pathophysiology:
      • ADH deficiency leading to polyuria and polydipsia
      • Inappropriate secretion of ADH with water retention
    • Laboratory findings:
      • Normal serum sodium and osmolarity if thirst mechanisms intact
      • Low serum sodium and osmolarity if thirst mechanisms impaired
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, polydipsia, craving ice water
      • Weight gain, fingerprinting edema, no peripheral edema

    Hypovolemia

    • Definition: fluid volume deficit occurs when loss of ECF volume exceeds intake of fluid
    • Causes:
      • Vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, fever, excessive sweating, burns, blood loss, GI suction, 3rd space fluid shifts, decreased intake
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Acute weight loss, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, concentrated urine, weak rapid pulse, > cap refill, low CVP, hypotension, flat neck veins, dizzy, weak, increased thirst, confusion, tachycardia, muscle cramps, sunken eyes
    • Laboratory findings:
      • Increased hgb and hct, increased serum and urine osmolality and specific gravity, decreased urine sodium, increased BUN and creatinine, increased urine specific gravity and osmolality

    Hypervolemia

    • Definition: fluid volume excess occurs when abnormal retention of water and sodium in ECF
    • Causes:
      • Compromised regulatory mechanisms: renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, overzealous admin of Na+ fluids, fluid shifts, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, severe stress, hyperaldosteronism
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Acute weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, distended jugular veins, crackles, elevated CVP, SOB, hypertension, bounding pulse, cough, tachypnea
    • Laboratory findings:
      • Decreased hgb and hct, decreased serum and urine osmolality, decreased urine sodium and specific gravity

    Fluid Volume Deficit; Nursing Care

    • Assess vital signs regularly
    • Postural (orthostatic) hypotension: ↓ in sys BP > 15 mmHg or ↑ HR > 15 beats/min
    • Daily weights: single best indicator of fluid volume status in adults
    • Apply safety measures: orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and falls
    • Accurate record of intake and output: record drainage from body orifices and wound(s)
    • Administer free water (flush) to patients receiving enteral feedings
    • Urge caution in drinking coffee, tea, and colas with caffeine, which has a diuretic effect

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about the distribution of body fluids, including intracellular and extracellular fluids, and how they change with age. Understand the composition of fluids in the human body.

    More Like This

    Fluid Dynamics and Solute Movement
    7 questions

    Fluid Dynamics and Solute Movement

    WellBacklitChrysoberyl avatar
    WellBacklitChrysoberyl
    Physiology of Body Fluids and Electrolytes
    20 questions

    Physiology of Body Fluids and Electrolytes

    FavoriteYew avatar
    FavoriteYew
    Fluid Dynamics in Physiology
    5 questions

    Fluid Dynamics in Physiology

    CourtlyJasper6587 avatar
    CourtlyJasper6587
    Gastrointestinal Function Principles
    13 questions

    Gastrointestinal Function Principles

    HumbleChrysanthemum avatar
    HumbleChrysanthemum
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser