psy230 chp 9
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Questions and Answers

What is a recording of the electrical activity in various locations on the scalp called?

  • Event-related potential (ERP)
  • Electromyogram (EMG)
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) (correct)

    • How are hormones primarily transported to the receptors of organs in the body?

  • Through the endocrine system
  • Through nerve impulses
  • Through the lymphatic system
  • Through the blood stream (correct)

    • What is a cheaper alternative to measuring cortisol repeatedly over a longer time period?

  • Measuring cortisol in urine samples
  • Measuring cortisol in hair samples (correct)
  • Measuring cortisol in sweat samples
  • Measuring cortisol in saliva samples

    • What hormone is released during stress and primarily functions to mobilize the body for action?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do higher concentrations of cortisol in hair samples indicate?

    <p>Higher levels of stress during a specific period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of measures are useful to study situational effects on the human stress response?

    <p>Saliva or blood samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does error related negativity leave in EEG recordings when humans notice they made a mistake?

    <p>A trace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what bodily fluid can hormones be measured, allowing psychologists who are not equipped to take blood samples to relate them to personality variables?

    <p>Saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it possible to study individual differences in the human stress response using hair samples?

    <p>Good test-retest reliability of cortisol levels in hair samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have researchers found it difficult to establish reliable relationships between cortisol and personality traits?

    <p>Personality has relatively weak effects on behavior in a single situation and small sample sizes are often used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate causal process that influences behavior?

    <p>The brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem for physiological theories of personality?

    <p>Difficulty in studying individual differences in brain functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach uses peripheral physiological measures to draw inferences about the brain?

    <p>Indirect approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could an increase in skin conductance reveal?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a larger difference between anxiety-provoking and neutral situations indicate?

    <p>Biological differences in sensitivity to threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for genes to have an effect on behavior?

    <p>Influence on biological processes underpinning information processing in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the direct approach rely on?

    <p>Brain functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to human diversity in personality according to the previous chapter?

    <p>Genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an indirect approach use peripheral physiological measures for?

    <p>To draw inferences about the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of physiological theories of personality?

    <p>Understanding genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has research shown about the stereotype that high-testosterone men are more prone to violence and aggression?

    <p>It is not supported by scientific data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are high-testosterone men perceived by women according to the text?

    <p>More attractive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study of over 4,000 soldiers in the US Army suggest about low-testosterone men?

    <p>They are more likely to invest heavily in romantic relationships and their offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does marital status have on testosterone levels according to the text?

    <p>Married men have lower levels and divorced men experience an increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has research shown about the effectiveness of testosterone supplements to increase abnormally low levels in men?

    <p>Produced mixed results and their effectiveness has been oversold by drug companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of testosterone levels?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do men's testosterone levels peak?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the retest correlation for testosterone levels over a period of 10 years?

    <p>.50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does testosterone play in male-male competition and aggression according to animal studies?

    <p>Important role in male-male competition and aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to men's testosterone levels after age 20?

    <p>They decline over the rest of the life span</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does retest stability (rank order consistency) imply for testosterone levels?

    <p>Stability in rank order but not absolute stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do twin studies reveal about testosterone levels?

    <p>Partially genetically determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely effect on Paul and Peter's testosterone levels at age 30 compared to age 20?

    <p>Lower at age 30 than at age 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely effect of genetic variants that increase production of testosterone throughout men's lives?

    <p>Higher testosterone levels throughout their lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next interesting question regarding the influence of testosterone on personality and behavior?

    <p>Its influence on personality and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of men and women have testosterone after puberty?

    <p>Both men and women have it after puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant hormone during reproductive years when women are not pregnant?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is currently the most trustworthy finding about women's sexual desire?

    <p>Women's sexual desire increases during the fertile phase of the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did oxytocin research become popularly known as in the 2000s?

    <p>The love hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did higher estradiol levels in women correlate with, based on a specific finding?

    <p>Rating pictures of men's bodies as more attractive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gangestad express doubts about regarding earlier findings in evolutionary psychology?

    <p>&quot;some of what we wrote was just garbage because we trusted all that work, including our own&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the literature on women's hormones produce in terms of personality correlates of estrogen?

    <p>Very few consistent findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers find about the effectiveness of testosterone supplements to increase abnormally low levels in men?

    <p>Inconclusive results on their effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did earlier proponents of evolutionary psychology express doubts about?

    <p>Some of the earlier findings in evolutionary psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jünger, Kordsmeyer, Gerlach, & Penke find about women's sexual desire and estradiol levels?

    <p>Women's sexual desire increases during the fertile phase of the cycle with higher estradiol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has estrogen been found to be involved in regulating?

    <p>Women's cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was oxytocin called during its popularization in the 2000s?

    <p>The love hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a modern method used to measure brain activity by detecting oxygen levels in blood flow?

    <p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to study individual differences using fMRI?

    <p>Expense and sample size limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a limitation in studying individual differences with fMRI?

    <p>Inflated and non-replicable correlations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have researchers responded to the challenges of studying individual differences with fMRI?

    <p>By increasing sample sizes and reliability of fMRI measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it difficult to detect stable personality variance in fMRI studies?

    <p>Situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a meta-analysis of 61 fMRI studies with 1,850 participants find about gender differences in brain activation in response to visual sexual stimuli?

    <p>No significant gender differences in brain activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area between the axon and the dendrite called?

    <p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the little arms on the receiver neuron that are ready to receive information called?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long arm of the sender neuron called?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chemicals that transmit information between neurons called?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impulse is sent along the axon towards the receiver neuron when the sender neuron is ready to send information?

    <p>Electrical impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the end of the axon not touching the end of the dendrite?

    <p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurotransmitters primarily do in terms of neuron communication?

    <p>Transmit information between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from the axon and binds to receptors on the dendrite for transmitting information?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the neuron does an electrical impulse travel along when transmitting information?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of a neuron has little arms called dendrites that receive information?

    <p>Receiver neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does communication between neurons occur according to neuroscience concepts?

    <p>Partly electrically and partly chemically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of using EEG to measure brain activity?

    <p>Limited to activity in brain regions closer to the scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do event related potentials in EEG recordings measure?

    <p>Responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a systematic meta-analysis find regarding the hypothesis about left versus right frontal brain activity and personality?

    <p>No evidence for this hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a new meta-analysis in 2019 fail to find regarding resting frontal asymmetries and personality?

    <p>Theoretically important relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of studies on EEG measures and personality despite disappointing findings from meta-analyses?

    <p>Doubled over the next decade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to use EEG recordings to study personality?

    <p>Recording brain activity during a resting state or focusing on responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did an influential hypothesis assume about left versus right frontal brain activity and personality?

    <p>Individuals who are more approach oriented have more left-frontal activity than right-frontal activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitters are most relevant for personality psychology?

    <p>Serotonin and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event-related potential is a negative electrical response when participants make a mistake in a simple reaction time task?

    <p>Error-related negativity (ERN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the authors use to find predictors of the Big Five traits instead of focusing on a specific brain area?

    <p>Brain-wide EEG recordings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy often used to compare the brain's information processing?

    <p>Computer or artificial neural network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Suzuki et al. (2019) find no systematic relationships between and the Big Five personality traits?

    <p>Event-related potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate communication from neuron to neuron in the brain reliant on?

    <p>Chemicals called neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is proposed to be related to variation in neuroticism and extraversion?

    <p>Serotonin and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is reward-related positivity?

    <p>Positive electrical signal when a response is rewarded with money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do studies suggest about SSRIs and their effect on neuroticism scores in patients with mood disorders?

    <p>SSRIs reduce neuroticism scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study on public employees in Finland find about higher neuroticism scores?

    <p>Higher neuroticism scores as a risk factor for mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on men receiving SSRI treatment show about their neuroticism scores over time?

    <p>Decreased neuroticism scores over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to examine SSRIs' influence on personality in individuals with high neuroticism but no history of mood disorder?

    <p>Evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does serotonin regulate according to the text?

    <p>Both negative and positive mood states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between dopamine theory and extraversion according to the text?

    <p>Lacks strong support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of treatment of depression on extraversion scores?

    <p>Increases extraversion scores, particularly cheerfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies with healthy volunteers on SSRIs' effect on personality show?

    <p>Mixed results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do meta-analyses show about the effectiveness of SSRIs for mood disorders?

    <p>SSRIs are effective for mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do side effects of SSRIs result from according to the text?

    <p>Serotonin's role in regulating sleep, eating, and sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unclear about the relationship between personality and mood disorders according to the text?

    <p>Causality of the relationship between personality and mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do other antidepressants and psychotherapy also reduce according to the text?

    <p>Neuroticism scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and ecstasy in terms of serotonin?

    <p>Ecstasy releases massive amounts of serotonin into the synaptic cleft, while SSRIs influence the reuptake mechanism for serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'reuptake inhibitor' indicate about selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>They influence the reuptake mechanism by inhibiting it, allowing serotonin to stay longer in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in effects between ecstasy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Ecstasy releases massive amounts of serotonin into the synaptic cleft, while SSRIs have subtle effects that take several weeks to show</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on serotonin?

    <p>They block the reuptake mechanism for serotonin, allowing it to stay longer in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between how ecstasy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect serotonin levels?

    <p>Ecstasy releases massive amounts of serotonin into the synaptic cleft, while SSRIs do not supply more serotonin but influence its reuptake mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormones and Behavior: Testosterone, Estrogen, and Oxytocin

    • Studies have examined the relationship between testosterone levels in men and their personality and behavior, with a focus on dominance, status, and aggression.
    • The stereotype that high-testosterone men are more prone to violence and aggression is not supported by scientific data.
    • Testosterone is linked to sex differences in human behaviors, particularly in sexual behaviors, and is related to the stronger sex drive in men.
    • High-testosterone men might be seen as more attractive by women, giving them more opportunities for minimal investment in fathering offspring.
    • Low-testosterone men are more likely to invest heavily in romantic relationships and their offspring, as supported by evidence from a study of over 4,000 soldiers in the US Army.
    • Marital status can influence testosterone levels, with married men having lower levels and divorced men experiencing an increase.
    • Testosterone supplements to increase abnormally low levels in men have produced mixed results, and their effectiveness has been oversold by drug companies.
    • Marital status is not an ideal measure of sexual behaviors, and a better measure may be the number of sexual partners.
    • Testosterone levels may be more important during development than in adulthood, and studies have not supported the correlation between facial masculinity and testosterone levels.
    • Research has not produced solid findings linking men's testosterone levels and personality, and any future relationships found are likely to be weaker than stereotypes suggest.
    • Estrogen, the female hormone involved in regulating women's cycle, has different versions, with estradiol being dominant during reproductive years.
    • Despite efforts to find personality correlates of estrogen, research has produced very few consistent findings, with the most trustworthy finding being that women's sexual desire increases during the fertile phase of the cycle.

    Oxytocin research became popular in the 2000s and was called the love hormone, but the text did not provide any detailed information about oxytocin.

    Challenges of Studying Brain Activity and Individual Differences

    • Human brains have variation in neurological processes, such as neurotransmitter production and receptor levels, leading to quantitative variation in experiences like fear.
    • Functional MRI (fMRI) is a modern method used to measure brain activity by detecting oxygen levels in blood flow, showing active brain regions.
    • fMRI has been used since the 1990s to study human brain activity in response to different stimuli, but it's challenging to study individual differences due to expense and sample size limitations.
    • Research using fMRI with small samples has reported inflated and non-replicable correlations, leading to skepticism about the method's reliability.
    • Studies of individual differences with fMRI require reliable measurement of variation across individuals, which has been limited by the modest reliability of fMRI measures.
    • Researchers have responded to these challenges by increasing sample sizes and reliability of fMRI measures to find neurological correlates of personality traits.
    • Personality is a better predictor of behavior across multiple situations, making it difficult to detect stable personality variance in the large variation due to situational factors in fMRI studies.
    • Situational factors play a strong role in detecting personality variance, and lying in a brain scanner without a task or stimuli may not be ideal for this purpose.
    • A meta-analysis of 61 fMRI studies with 1,850 participants found no consistent gender differences in brain activation in response to visual sexual stimuli, contrary to common beliefs.
    • However, a different group of researchers analyzing the same data found sex differences in specific brain regions, indicating the difficulty of fMRI research on individual variation.
    • Brain scans may seem more scientific, but measuring processes in the brain is difficult, and brain measures must meet the same criteria of reliability and validity as other measures.
    • The challenges of studying brain activity and individual differences highlight the need for rigorous methods and cautious interpretation in fMRI research.

    SSRIs, Personality, and Neurotransmitters

    • Meta-analysis shows SSRIs are effective for mood disorders
    • SSRIs have side effects due to serotonin's role in regulating sleep, eating, and sex
    • Studies suggest SSRIs reduce neuroticism scores in patients with mood disorders
    • Other antidepressants and psychotherapy also reduce neuroticism scores
    • Treatment of depression increases extraversion scores, particularly cheerfulness
    • Causality of the relationship between personality and mood disorders is unclear
    • Studies with healthy volunteers on SSRIs' effect on personality have mixed results
    • A study on public employees in Finland found higher neuroticism scores as a risk factor for mood disorders
    • Men receiving SSRI treatment showed decreased neuroticism scores over time, but women did not
    • Evidence is needed to examine SSRIs' influence on personality in individuals with high neuroticism but no history of mood disorder
    • Serotonin regulates both negative and positive mood states
    • Dopamine theory linking it to extraversion lacks strong support, and studies on legal drugs altering dopamine levels are limited

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    Test your knowledge on how the brain integrates information to guide behavior and the influence of genes on biological processes. Explore the relationship between genetic variation, brain function, and human diversity in personality.

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