20 Questions
What is the primary source of energy for the ATP-PC system?
ATP stored in muscles
What is the term for the maximum heart rate minus an individual's age?
220 - age (years)
What is the term for the amount of air inspired or expired per breath?
Tidal Volume
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized as high-force and low-endurance?
Fast-Twitch (Type II)
What is the motivation type that involves participation for external rewards or pressures?
Extrinsic Motivation
What is the term for the worry about performance or outcome in sports psychology?
Cognitive Anxiety
What is the term for the clear and well-defined goals in goal setting?
Specificity
What is the term for the groups of muscle fibers and their associated neurons?
Motor Units
What is the term for the increase in heart rate and ventilation during exercise?
Cardiovascular System
What is the term for the motivation based on autonomy, competence, and relatedness?
Self-Determination Theory
Which of the Big Five Personality Traits is associated with being organized and responsible?
Conscientiousness
What type of motivation is most closely related to personal enjoyment and satisfaction?
Intrinsic Motivation
Which of the following best describes the role of cognitive anxiety in sports performance?
It impairs physical performance by distracting from the task.
What is the term for the degree of unity and bonding within a group?
Cohesion
What is the term for the structure that connects muscles to bones?
Tendon
Which of the following muscle fibers is characterized by high endurance and low force?
Slow-twitch (Type I)
What is the term for the heart's response to exercise, which includes increased heart rate and stroke volume?
Cardiovascular Response
What is the term for the process by which the body takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide?
Respiration
Which of the following best describes the structure of the lung?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
What is the term for the theory that individuals derive a sense of identity and belonging from group membership?
Social Identity Theory
Study Notes
Physiology
Energy Systems
-
ATP-PC System: anaerobic, high-intensity, short-duration (e.g., 100m sprint)
- Uses ATP stored in muscles
- Lasts for 10-15 seconds
-
Lactic Acid System: anaerobic, high-intensity, medium-duration (e.g., 400m run)
- Breaks down glucose to lactic acid
- Lasts for 1-3 minutes
-
Oxidative System: aerobic, low-intensity, long-duration (e.g., marathon running)
- Uses oxygen to break down glucose, fatty acids, and proteins
- Lasts for extended periods
Cardiovascular System
-
Heart Rate: increases with exercise intensity
- Maximum Heart Rate (MHR): 220 - age (years)
- Target Heart Rate Zone: 50-85% of MHR for aerobic exercise
-
Cardiac Output: increases with exercise intensity
- Stroke Volume: amount of blood pumped per beat
- Heart Rate: number of beats per minute
Respiratory System
-
Ventilation: increases with exercise intensity
- Tidal Volume: amount of air inspired/expired per breath
- Breathing Rate: number of breaths per minute
Neuromuscular System
-
Muscle Fibre Types:
- Slow-Twitch (Type I): endurance, low-force, high-endurance
- Fast-Twitch (Type II): power, high-force, low-endurance
-
Motor Units: groups of muscle fibres and their associated neurons
- Recruitment: activation of motor units to produce movement
Sports Psychology
Motivation
- Intrinsic Motivation: participation for personal enjoyment and satisfaction
- Extrinsic Motivation: participation for external rewards or pressures
- Self-Determination Theory: motivation based on autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Anxiety and Stress
- Cognitive Anxiety: worry about performance or outcome
- Somatic Anxiety: physiological symptoms (e.g., increased heart rate)
- Reversal Theory: optimal anxiety level for performance varies between individuals
Goal Setting
- Specificity: clear and well-defined goals
- Measurability: goals with clear outcomes or benchmarks
- Achievability: realistic and attainable goals
- Relevance: goals aligned with personal values and motivations
- Time-bound: goals with specific deadlines or timeframes
Test your knowledge of human physiology, including energy systems, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromuscular systems, as well as sports psychology concepts like motivation, anxiety, and goal setting.
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