Physiology 2: Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Quick review
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Questions and Answers

What is the source of input for the brain in relation to the posterior pituitary?

  • Emotional centers of the brain
  • Hypothalamus
  • Both a and b (correct)
  • Cerebral cortex

What is the anatomic connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

  • Paraventricular nuclei
  • Magnocellular neurons
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Neurohypophysis (correct)

What is the function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Water reabsorption (correct)
  • Stress response
  • Stimulation of lactation

What is the primary blood supply to the neurohypophysis?

<p>Capillary plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons produce and secrete the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

<p>Magnocellular neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why hormones are not formed in the posterior pituitary?

<p>Hormones are produced in the hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oxytocin?

<p>Stimulation of lactation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus control the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary?

<p>Through the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the anterior pituitary?

<p>Adenohypophysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypophyseal portal system?

<p>To quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of prolactin on the mammary glands?

<p>Stimulation of milk production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

<p>Peptide or polypeptide hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the production of thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of oversecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the anterior pituitary produce growth hormone?

<p>Somatotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of undersecretion of growth hormone?

<p>Dwarfism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hypothalamic hormones in the hypophyseal portal system?

<p>To regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

<p>To regulate the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hypophysiotropic neurohormone synthesized by the hypothalamus?

<p>Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative feedback in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis?

<p>To regulate the balance of hormones in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is responsible for transporting hypothalamic neuropeptides to the posterior pituitary?

<p>Neurohypophyseal tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to neural inputs?

<p>To integrate neural inputs from various areas of the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hypothalamic hormones is involved in the regulation of thyroid function?

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis?

<p>To inhibit the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

<p>To regulate the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis?

<p>To inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the structure in the thyroid gland where thyroid hormone synthesis takes place?

<p>Follicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the active form of thyroid hormone?

<p>T3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary element is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

<p>Iodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protein binds thyroid hormone in the blood?

<p>Thyroxine-binding globulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bound hormone as it relates to the hormone’s effectiveness?

<p>It decreases the hormone’s effectiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of the lifecycle is thyroid hormone most critical regarding development and growth?

<p>Childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ion is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones?

<p>Iodine ion (I-) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows iodine ions to enter a thyrocyte?

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which thyroid hormone alters a cell's function?

<p>By directly altering gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the changes produced by thyroid hormone on cellular function?

<p>Days to weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does thyroid hormone regulate basal metabolic rate?

<p>By increasing the expression of genes involved in energy production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the nervous system?

<p>It increases the production of neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hypothyroidism?

<p>TSH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excess thyroid hormone on metabolic rate?

<p>It increases metabolic rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the hypothalamus regulates thyroid hormone secretion?

<p>By secreting TRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypothyroidism on body weight?

<p>It leads to an increase in body weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hyperthyroidism on mental status?

<p>It leads to an increase in mental alertness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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