44 Questions
What is the source of input for the brain in relation to the posterior pituitary?
Both a and b
What is the anatomic connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?
Neurohypophysis
What is the function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
Water reabsorption
What is the primary blood supply to the neurohypophysis?
Capillary plexus
What type of neurons produce and secrete the hormones of the posterior pituitary?
Magnocellular neurons
What is the reason why hormones are not formed in the posterior pituitary?
Hormones are produced in the hypothalamus
What is the function of oxytocin?
Stimulation of lactation
How does the hypothalamus control the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary?
Through the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
What is the term for the anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
What is the primary function of the hypophyseal portal system?
To quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Which hormone is secreted by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What is the effect of prolactin on the mammary glands?
Stimulation of milk production
What type of hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
Peptide or polypeptide hormones
Which hormone stimulates the production of thyroid hormones?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is the result of oversecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Hyperthyroidism
Which cells in the anterior pituitary produce growth hormone?
Somatotrophs
What is the effect of undersecretion of growth hormone?
Dwarfism
What is the function of hypothalamic hormones in the hypophyseal portal system?
To regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
To regulate the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal mechanisms
Which of the following is NOT a hypophysiotropic neurohormone synthesized by the hypothalamus?
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
What is the role of negative feedback in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis?
To regulate the balance of hormones in the body
Which pathway is responsible for transporting hypothalamic neuropeptides to the posterior pituitary?
Neurohypophyseal tract
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to neural inputs?
To integrate neural inputs from various areas of the brain
Which of the following hypothalamic hormones is involved in the regulation of thyroid function?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
What is the role of growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis?
To inhibit the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
To regulate the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal mechanisms
What is the primary function of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis?
To inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary
What is the term for the structure in the thyroid gland where thyroid hormone synthesis takes place?
Follicle
What is the active form of thyroid hormone?
T3
What dietary element is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
Iodine
What protein binds thyroid hormone in the blood?
Thyroxine-binding globulin
What is the significance of bound hormone as it relates to the hormone’s effectiveness?
It decreases the hormone’s effectiveness
During which period of the lifecycle is thyroid hormone most critical regarding development and growth?
Childhood
What ion is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones?
Iodine ion (I-)
What mechanism allows iodine ions to enter a thyrocyte?
Active transport
What is the primary mechanism by which thyroid hormone alters a cell's function?
By directly altering gene expression
What is the typical duration of the changes produced by thyroid hormone on cellular function?
Days to weeks
How does thyroid hormone regulate basal metabolic rate?
By increasing the expression of genes involved in energy production
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the nervous system?
It increases the production of neurotransmitters
What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hypothyroidism?
TSH levels
What is the effect of excess thyroid hormone on metabolic rate?
It increases metabolic rate
What is the primary mechanism by which the hypothalamus regulates thyroid hormone secretion?
By secreting TRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH
What is the primary effect of hypothyroidism on body weight?
It leads to an increase in body weight
What is the primary effect of hyperthyroidism on mental status?
It leads to an increase in mental alertness
Review the hypothalamus and pituitary gland functions, including their anatomic relationship and interactions via neural and hormonal mechanisms. Learn about the routes of transport of hypothalamic neuropeptides to the posterior and anterior pituitary.
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