Physiology: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

  • Maintaining water balance in the body
  • Stimulating the adrenal glands to produce cortisol (correct)
  • Regulating growth and development
  • Regulating the thyroid gland

    • What is the main function of Gonadotropins (LH, FSH)?

  • Maintaining blood sugar levels
  • Regulating the development and function of the reproductive system (correct)
  • Regulating water balance in the body
  • Stimulating the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine

    • Which hormone is responsible for regulating growth and development?

  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth Hormone (GH) (correct)
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    • What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Maintaining water balance in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in lactation and breastfeeding?

    <p>Prolactin (PRL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Oxytocin in the body?

    <p>Reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is characterized by being lipophilic and synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Steroid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of hormones that are stored in secretory granules and released through exocytosis?

    <p>Activation of a second-messenger pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is an example of a catecholamine?

    <p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical classification of hormones such as insulin and somatotropin?

    <p>Peptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of synthesis for steroid hormones?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary controller of GH secretion?

    <p>Hypothalamic GHRH stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters stimulates GHRH and/or inhibits somatostatin?

    <p>Dopamine via D1 receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on protein metabolism?

    <p>Stimulates protein anabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on fat metabolism?

    <p>Stimulates triglyceride breakdown and oxidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Maintains blood glucose within a normal range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of b-adrenergic receptors in GH secretion?

    <p>Inhibits GHRH release and stimulates somatostatin release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on insulin's ability to stimulate glucose uptake in peripheral tissues?

    <p>It suppresses insulin's ability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of growth hormone administration on insulin secretion?

    <p>It increases insulin secretion, leading to hyperinsulinemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth hormone in regulating metabolism?

    <p>It stimulates protein synthesis and bone growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on fat breakdown?

    <p>It stimulates fat breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gonadotropins in the body?

    <p>They regulate the function of the ovaries and testes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of gonadotropins?

    <p>Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum daily requirement of iodine to maintain normal thyroid function in adults?

    <p>75 micrograms/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is dietary iodine absorbed in the body?

    <p>GI tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of iodine deficiency on hormone synthesis?

    <p>It impairs hormone synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Na+/I- cotransport system in thyroid function?

    <p>It actively transports iodide into the follicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thyroid peroxidase in the thyroid gland?

    <p>It oxidizes iodide to form iodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight of thyroglobulin?

    <p>660,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • The hypothalamus produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates other endocrine glands.
    • The axis of hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland and feedback mechanism involves the hypothalamus producing releasing hormones, the pituitary gland producing tropic hormones, and the target gland producing hormones that feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

    Hormones

    • There are four primary arenas of hormone action:
      • Growth and Development
      • Reproduction
      • Maintenance of internal environment
      • Energy production, utilization, and storage
    • Hormones can be classified into three categories:
      • Polypeptides (e.g. insulin, glucagon, somatotropin)
      • Steroids (e.g. estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol)
      • Amino acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, thyroxine, T3, T4, melatonin, serotonin, oxytocin, thyrotropin, ACTH)

    Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

    • ACTH is synthesized in the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids.
    • ACTH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus and cortisol.

    Growth Hormone (GH)

    • GH is synthesized in the pituitary gland and stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
    • GH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, somatostatin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
    • GH has several metabolic effects, including:
      • Stimulating protein anabolism
      • Enhancing fat utilization
      • Maintaining blood glucose levels

    Prolactin (PRL)

    • PRL is synthesized in the pituitary gland and stimulates lactation and milk production.
    • PRL secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus and dopamine.

    Gonadotropins (LH, FSH)

    • LH and FSH are synthesized in the pituitary gland and regulate the function of the ovaries and testes.
    • LH and FSH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and gonadal hormones.

    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    • ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.
    • ADH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, osmolality, and blood volume.

    Oxytocin

    • Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates milk letdown and uterine contraction.
    • Oxytocin secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, estrogen, and progesterone.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including their hormones, functions, and feedback mechanisms. Learn about the synthesis, secretion, and physiological functions of ACTH and other hormones. Assess your understanding of the hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland axis.

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