Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulating the adrenal glands to produce cortisol
What is the main function of Gonadotropins (LH, FSH)?
Regulating the development and function of the reproductive system
Which hormone is responsible for regulating growth and development?
Growth Hormone (GH)
What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
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Which hormone is involved in lactation and breastfeeding?
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What is the primary function of Oxytocin in the body?
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Which type of hormone is characterized by being lipophilic and synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the mechanism of action of hormones that are stored in secretory granules and released through exocytosis?
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Which hormone is an example of a catecholamine?
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What is the chemical classification of hormones such as insulin and somatotropin?
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What is the primary site of synthesis for steroid hormones?
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What is the primary controller of GH secretion?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters stimulates GHRH and/or inhibits somatostatin?
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What is the effect of growth hormone on protein metabolism?
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What is the effect of growth hormone on fat metabolism?
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What is the effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?
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What is the role of b-adrenergic receptors in GH secretion?
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What is the effect of growth hormone on insulin's ability to stimulate glucose uptake in peripheral tissues?
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What is the result of growth hormone administration on insulin secretion?
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What is the role of growth hormone in regulating metabolism?
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What is the effect of growth hormone on fat breakdown?
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What is the role of gonadotropins in the body?
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What triggers the secretion of gonadotropins?
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What is the minimum daily requirement of iodine to maintain normal thyroid function in adults?
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Where is dietary iodine absorbed in the body?
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What is the effect of iodine deficiency on hormone synthesis?
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What is the role of the Na+/I- cotransport system in thyroid function?
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What is the function of thyroid peroxidase in the thyroid gland?
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What is the molecular weight of thyroglobulin?
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Study Notes
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- The hypothalamus produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates other endocrine glands.
- The axis of hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland and feedback mechanism involves the hypothalamus producing releasing hormones, the pituitary gland producing tropic hormones, and the target gland producing hormones that feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Hormones
- There are four primary arenas of hormone action:
- Growth and Development
- Reproduction
- Maintenance of internal environment
- Energy production, utilization, and storage
- Hormones can be classified into three categories:
- Polypeptides (e.g. insulin, glucagon, somatotropin)
- Steroids (e.g. estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol)
- Amino acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, thyroxine, T3, T4, melatonin, serotonin, oxytocin, thyrotropin, ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- ACTH is synthesized in the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids.
- ACTH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus and cortisol.
Growth Hormone (GH)
- GH is synthesized in the pituitary gland and stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
- GH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, somatostatin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
- GH has several metabolic effects, including:
- Stimulating protein anabolism
- Enhancing fat utilization
- Maintaining blood glucose levels
Prolactin (PRL)
- PRL is synthesized in the pituitary gland and stimulates lactation and milk production.
- PRL secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus and dopamine.
Gonadotropins (LH, FSH)
- LH and FSH are synthesized in the pituitary gland and regulate the function of the ovaries and testes.
- LH and FSH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and gonadal hormones.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.
- ADH secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, osmolality, and blood volume.
Oxytocin
- Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates milk letdown and uterine contraction.
- Oxytocin secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus, estrogen, and progesterone.
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