Physiological Effects of Treatment
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of TENS in pain management?

  • Enhancing blood flow
  • Reducing inflammation
  • Blocking pain signals (correct)
  • Stimulating muscle contraction

Low TENS frequency is associated with high intensity levels.

False (B)

What precautions should be taken when using TENS on individuals with heart disease?

Do not use TENS on individuals with heart disease.

TENS is used to introduce a new sensation that travels faster than _____ signals.

<p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following TENS levels with their characteristics:

<p>High TENS = High frequency, blocks pain signals Low TENS = Low frequency, promotes relaxation Noxious stimulus = Stabbing sensation Pain relief = Eased by sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before performing TENS therapy?

<p>Inform patient about the procedure and benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low TENS can help to create a body response that releases pain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with _____ should not use TENS due to potential complications.

<p>epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one physiological effect of TENS therapy?

<p>Produces reactive hyperemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

TENS therapy is contraindicated for individuals with cardiac disease.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TENS stand for?

<p>Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The application of heat can help to decrease __________ and promote relaxation.

<p>muscle spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following contraindications with their descriptions:

<p>Cardiac disease = Risk of arrhythmias Skin hypersensitivity = Increased risk of irritation Active DVT = Risk of clot dislodging Raynaud's disease = Can worsening circulation problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these methods can inhibit acute inflammation?

<p>Cold application (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrotherapy techniques can include the use of both heat and cold applications.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key principle to apply when using hot and cold treatments?

<p>Monitor skin condition regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ technique of stretching is used to increase muscle flexibility.

<p>static</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precaution when using cold therapy?

<p>Checking skin every few minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical effects of TENS therapy include increased neurophysiological relaxation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one effect of hydrotherapy.

<p>Decreases swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ effects of TENS therapy involve pain relief and muscle contraction stimulation.

<p>physiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatments with their corresponding physiological effects:

<p>Cold therapy = Decreases metabolic rate Heat therapy = Increases blood flow Massage = Releases muscle tension TENS = Modulates pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom that may benefit from hydrotherapy?

<p>Skin lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one physiological effect of heat application?

<p>Increase in blood flow and nutrient delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat application completely eliminates pain and stiffness permanently.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cold application on swelling?

<p>Reduces swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat application can promote healing by increasing _____ to the affected area.

<p>blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment with its physiological effect.

<p>Heat application = Increases blood flow Cold application = Reduces swelling Stretching = Increases tissue extensibility TENS Therapy = Reduces pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for heat application?

<p>Acute inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold application can improve the range of motion (ROM) of a joint.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological structure is affected by muscle spasms?

<p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of _____ states the need to explain the procedure and its benefits before treatment.

<p>informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected neurophysiological effect of heat application?

<p>Decrease in nociceptive information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasodilation can help decrease stiffness in muscles and joints.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique promotes relaxation and aids with pain?

<p>Heat application</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold application primarily works by _____ blood vessels.

<p>constricting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the contraindications with their corresponding treatments.

<p>Heat application = Demyelinating disease Cold application = Bleeding disorder Both heat and cold = Pregnancy TENS therapy = Malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benefits is provided by TENS therapy?

<p>Reduces pain perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Decreased swelling

Reducing inflammation and edema, aiming for a reduction in swelling, inflammation, pain, and spasm.

Circulatory vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels in a region to reduce blood flow, often used in treatment of injuries to slow down healing, reduce swelling, and decrease pain.

Muscle pain/spasm

Painful muscle contractions, potentially caused by injury or inflammation.

Reactive hyperemia

Increased blood flow to an area after a period of reduced blood flow.

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TENS treatment

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, a pain relief method that uses electrical impulses to stimulate nerves and decrease perception of pain.

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Physiologic effects

The physical changes that happen to the body in response to a treatment, or other stimulus.

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Structures affected by TENS

Determined by the targeted area, this refers to nerves, muscles and related connective tissue.

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Principles of TENS application

Guiding principles for correct application and safety considerations and pain relief.

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Contraindications to TENS

Circumstances where TENS use should be avoided, for patient safety and other reasons.

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Localized swelling

Accumulation of fluid in a specific body part.

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Inflammation inhibition

Suppression of the inflammatory response.

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Metabolic rate damage

Reduction in the rate of chemical processes within cells, often following injury or illness.

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Informed consent

Patient's agreement to a medical procedure after understanding its risks and benefits.

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Neurophysiological effects

Effects on nerve function and response in the body, relating to pain, inflammation and other processes.

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Heat application physiological effects

Heat application relaxes nociceptors, increases blood flow (vasodilation), providing more oxygen and nutrients for healing, reducing pain and stiffness.

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Vasodilation

Increased blood vessel diameter, allowing more blood to flow to the affected area.

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Heat application principles

Introduce procedure; Explain benefits; Check area visually; Use hot packs; Leave hot pack on for 4-5 minutes, check temperature; Leave for 12-15 minutes, check skin; Follow appropriate precautions.

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Cold application physiological effects

Reduces pain, swelling, and venous return, causing vasoconstriction, limiting fluid in the area, and potentially increasing range of motion (ROM).

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Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to an area.

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Range of motion (ROM)

The amount of movement possible around a joint.

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Contraindications for heat applications

Conditions where heat application should be avoided, including decreased/absent sensation; demyelinating disease; acute inflammation; bleeding disorders; malignancy; ischaemia; open wounds/infections; adrenal suppression/failure; systemic lupus; erythematosus.

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Contraindications for cold applications

Conditions where cold application should be avoided, including very cold temperatures/frostbite

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Muscle spasm

Involuntary muscle contraction.

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Oedema/swelling

Accumulation of fluid in tissues.

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Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the tendons and their surrounding sheaths.

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Contracture

Permanent or prolonged shortening of a muscle or joint.

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Neurophysiological Effects of Heating

Heat application can impact pain levels, encourage relaxation, and improve a patient's sense of control over and connection to, the healing process.

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Circulatory effects of heating

Increased blood flow promoting healing by delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

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What is TENS?

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a pain relief treatment using electrical impulses to stimulate nerves and reduce pain perception.

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How does high frequency TENS work?

High frequency TENS uses short, intense pulses to block pain signals. It feels like a tingling or prickly sensation.

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How does low frequency TENS work?

Low frequency TENS uses longer, less intense pulses that release endorphins, natural pain relievers.

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What is the masking effect of TENS?

TENS creates a sensation that masks the pain by overwhelming the pain nerves with a more prominent feeling.

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What are some precautions for using TENS?

TENS should not be used on people with pacemakers, heart disease, undiagnosed pain, epilepsy, pregnant women during the first trimester, or directly on the area where you recently had surgery.

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What is informed consent in TENS treatment?

Informed consent means the patient understands the TENS procedure, its potential benefits, and risks before agreeing to it.

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What is a pin prick test?

It's a way to check the patient's sensation in the area where TENS will be applied, making sure they can still feel touch.

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Why is electrode placement important in TENS?

Proper electrode placement ensures effective stimulation of the targeted nerves and maximizes pain relief.

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Study Notes

Physiological Effects of Treatment

  • Heat application: Relieves nociceptive information, increases blood flow (vasodilation), supplying more oxygen and nutrients, reducing pain and stiffness.

  • Cold application: Reduces pain, swelling, and venous return. Vasoconstriction limits fluid in the area, improving range of motion (ROM).

Treatment Rationale and Effects

  • Decrease muscle spasm, joint stiffness, edema, and pain: Increases tissue extensibility. Circulatory effects include vasodilation and healing promotion. Metabolic rate increases.

    • Affected Structures: Muscles, joints, areas with pain, swelling, tenosynovitis, contractures, and hematomas.

    • Principles of Application: Introduce, explain procedure and benefits, check area visually and assess hot/cold sensation, wrap hot pack (8 layers towel), leave 4-5 minutes, check for skin redness.

    • Contraindications/Precautions: Decreased/absent sensation, demyelination, acute inflammation, bleeding disorders, hemorrhage, malignancy, communication difficulty, atrophic skin, ischemia, scar tissue, hypertension, pregnancy, multiple sclerosis, open wounds, infection, adrenal suppression/failure, systemic lupus erythematosus.

  • Arteriosclerosis: Circulatory effects are addressed in the treatment. Affected structures are muscles and joints. Application principles and contraindications are mentioned but not fully detailed.

TENS Treatment

  • Treatment rationale: Introduces a new faster sensation than pain signals, faster than pain nerve fibers.
    • Physiological effects: Pain relief, high-intensity low-frequency high energy stimuli.
    • Affected structures: Sensory receptors in treatment area.
    • Principles of application: Introduction, procedure explanation, checking visually for contraindications.
    • Contraindications: Pacemakers, heart disease, dysrhythmias, undiagnosed pain, epilepsy.

Hydrotherapy Stretching (static)

  • Treatment rationale: Increase ROM. Prevent contractures. Decrease risk of injury. Increase muscle length by stretching the sarcomere.
  • Physiological effects: A regular force over a long time increases the ability to tolerate discomfort.
  • Affected structures: Muscles.
  • Principles of application: Increase ROM (20 sec x 3 repetitions). 3-5 reps. per day for 5 days/week up to 6 months, depending on case.
  • Contraindications/Precautions: Non-compliant patient, unable to give consent, acute pain with movement, inflammation/tissue trauma..

Active Assisted Exercises

  • Treatment rationale: Exercises performed by patients with assistance from outside forces. Used if patients can't perform full ROM.
  • Physiological effects: Maintain ROM, joint integrity, reduce pain, increase circulation, and proprioception, increase muscle activity, neuroplastic changes.
  • Affected structures: Synovial joints, muscle, ligaments.
  • Principles of application: Introduce, Explain the procedure and benefits, check the area visually and ask about contraindications, choose appropriate ways to assist (manual, or mechanical).
  • Contraindications/Precautions: Early unstable fracture, intolerable pain, injury, incomplete muscle or ligament tear, compromised circulation, subluxed shoulder.

Strengthening/Maintenance

  • Treatment rationale: Maintaining/strengthening muscle mass, increasing blood flow to muscle, to maintain ROM, prevent contractures, and decrease the risk of further injury.
  • Physiological effects: Increase type II and type I muscle fiber size, improve movement efficiency, increase aerobic processes.
  • Affected structures: Muscles and connective tissue.
  • Principles of application: Introducing the procedure and benefits, checking the targeted area visually for contraindications. 2-6 reps of 6 repetitions for 5-6 days per week.
  • Contraindications/Precaution: Inflammatory conditions of muscle/joints, pain, cardiovascular considerations, Valsalva, fatigue, overwork/overtraining, osteoporosis.

Neural Flushers

  • Effects: Reduce mechano-sensitivity of neural tissue by improving its tolerance to mechanical forces. Improves nerve glide, and reduces swelling.
  • Mechanism: Increased intra-neural fluid dispersion, increased neural vascularity.

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Description

Explore the physiological effects of heat and cold application in treatment. This quiz highlights how these modalities relieve pain, decrease muscle spasms, and promote healing while considering contraindications and precautions. Understand the principles of applying these treatments effectively.

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