29 Questions
What is the purpose of calf stretching during pregnancy?
Relieve leg cramps
How does leg elevation benefit pregnant individuals?
Relieve swelling
Which exercise can help relieve pelvic pressure, cramps in the thighs, and buttocks during pregnancy?
Modified knee-chest
What is the benefit of shoulder circling during pregnancy?
Relieve upper backache
Which activity helps strengthen abdominal muscles post-pregnancy?
Leg raising
What physiological changes in temperature occur during pregnancy?
Slight increase initially, then decrease to normal
Which hormone is known as the 'hormone of mothers' during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is a common cardiovascular change observed during pregnancy?
Supine Hypotension Syndrome
Which system experiences softening of ligaments and joints during pregnancy?
Skeletal System
What is a typical gastrointestinal symptom experienced during pregnancy?
Flatulence
Which hormone is analyzed by pregnancy tests to confirm pregnancy?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)
What is one of the learning objectives related to the care of the mother and fetus during the perinatal period?
Identify appropriate outcomes for family planning
Which demographic data may be collected during a prenatal visit health history assessment?
Age, religion, and health insurance information
What aspect of the health history assessment includes inquiring about who lives at home with the client?
Family and social profile
Which component of the prenatal visit health history assessment focuses on signs of early pregnancy?
Chief concern
What type of information would be included in the past medical history component of a prenatal visit health history assessment?
History of kidney disease or heart disease
What is the best way to elicit information about a woman's current nutrition, elimination, sleep, recreation, and interpersonal interactions?
Asking the woman to describe a typical day of her life
In terms of lifestyle assessment during a prenatal visit, what habit might be included in the inquiry?
Smoking or drinking habits
Which assessment technique involves determining the Age of Gestation (AOG) by measuring from the fundus to the symphysis pubis?
McDonald's rule
During a physical assessment/examination in pregnancy, what is measured to confirm general health?
Pelvic examination
Which factor is NOT considered when estimating fetal growth using McDonald's rule?
Maternal age
What is assessed during a review of systems in prenatal care?
Multiple body systems including head, respiratory, and genitourinary systems
What is the purpose of Bartholomew's rule in pregnancy assessment?
To estimate fetal age by uterine position
What is crucial for a fetus to reach maturity in optimal health?
Sound genes and a healthy intrauterine environment
Why should a woman of childbearing age and ability avoid taking drugs not prescribed by a physician during pregnancy?
To protect the fetus from potential harm
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy according to the text?
11.2 to 16 kg
How much should caloric intake increase during pregnancy?
An additional 300 calories
Why do protein needs increase during pregnancy?
To support the growth of new fetal cells
How do vitamin requirements change during pregnancy?
They increase to support fetal cell growth
Study Notes
Maternal and Fetal Care during Perinatal Period
- Learning objectives: describe psychological and physiologic changes during pregnancy, assess a woman for these changes, identify outcomes for family adaptation, plan and implement nursing care, and integrate knowledge with the nursing process.
Assessment of Pregnant Woman
- Components of health history: demographic data, chief concern, family and social profile, past medical history, typical day history, review of systems, and physical assessment/examination
- Demographic data: name, age, address, telephone number, religion, and health insurance information
- Chief concern: LMP, pregnancy test, signs of early pregnancy, exposure to contagious diseases, medications taken, and danger signs of pregnancy
- Family and social profile: who lives at home, support people, occupation, financial support, lifestyle, exercise, hobbies, smoking/drinking habits, living conditions, nutrition, and sleep pattern
- Past medical history: kidney disease, heart disease, etc.
Physical Assessment/Examination
- Baseline data: height, weight, prepregnancy body mass index, vital signs, fundal height measurement (after 12 weeks), and fetal heart sounds
- System assessment: full examination to confirm general health
- Pelvic examination: general assessment, Pap smear, HPV culture, additional cultures for chlamydia and gonorrhea, and pelvic measurements
Estimating Fetal Growth
- McDonald's rule: determining AOG in months by measuring from the fundus to the symphysis pubis in centimeters then dividing by 4
- Bartholomew's rule: estimating AOG by the relative position of the uterus in the abdominal cavity
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy
- Cardiovascular system: increased total cardiac volume, easy fatigability, shortness of breath, heart murmurs, palpitations, edema and varicosities, increased fibrinogen level, elevated white blood count, increased platelet count, and increased blood lipid level
- Gastrointestinal system: heartburn, constipation, flatulence, morning sickness, and hyperptyalism
- Urinary system: urinary frequency, urinary stasis, urethral and kidney dilation, and increased glomerular filtration rate
- Skeletal system: softening of pelvic ligaments and joints, lordosis, and leg cramps
- Endocrine system: increased estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and human placental lactogen
Health Promotion during Pregnancy
- Calf stretching: relieves leg cramps
- Shoulder circling: relieves upper backache and numbness of arms and fingers
- Modified knee-chest: relieves hemorrhoids, vulvar varicosities, and low backache
- Leg elevation: relieves swelling, fatigue, and varicosities of lower extremities
- Leg raising: strengthens abdominal muscles
- Sleep: promotes overall health
Teratogenicity of Drugs
- Principles of drug intake during pregnancy: any drug can be detrimental to fetal welfare, and a woman should only take prescribed or approved drugs during pregnancy.
Medications and Nutrition during Pregnancy
- FDA Pregnancy Risk Categories of Drugs: categories A, B, C, D, and X
- Recommended weight gain during pregnancy: 11.2 to 16 kg (25 to 40 lbs)
- Caloric needs: an additional 300 calories (total of 2,500 calories)
- Protein needs: an increase of 10 grams daily (total of 60 grams)
- Fat needs: fatty acid from vegetable oils
- Vitamin needs: increased requirements for fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins during pregnancy.
Explore the various physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy, including an increase in cardiac volume, palpitations, edema, and more. Learn about the intricacies of the cardiovascular changes that occur during gestation.
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