Physio Ex 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Antibodies are produced by _______.

plasma cells

The fluid portion of the blood with the clotting factors removed is called _______.

serum

The form of Chlamydia that divides inside the host cell is the _______.

reticulate body

The direct fluorescent antibody test for Chlamydia uses fluorescently labeled _______.

antibody to detect antigen in the patient sample Signup and view all the answers

The washing steps are necessary to _______.

reduce any nonspecific binding that may occur Signup and view all the answers

A positive result with the negative control would _______.

be a 'false positive' and invalidate the results Signup and view all the answers

How many patient samples were positive for Chlamydia?

one Signup and view all the answers

Antigens with epitopes in common _______.

can have partial identity and can be identical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the identity seen between human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin?

partial identity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of identity would you expect to see between human serum albumin and sheep serum albumin?

partial identity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the precipitin line formation between wells 2 and 3?

an arc Signup and view all the answers

In the Ouchterlony technique, a precipitin line forms where _______.

the ratio of antigen and antibodies is optimal Signup and view all the answers

When two antigens have NO epitopes in common, their precipitin lines form _______.

an X Signup and view all the answers

What is the medium for diffusion in the Ouchterlony technique?

agar Signup and view all the answers

The antibodies used in this activity have been produced in _______.

goats Signup and view all the answers

Possible reasons for an indeterminate test include _______.

the presence of only small amounts of HIV antibody in the patient sample; recent HIV infection of the patient; failure of the washing steps to remove nonspecific binding of antibody and antigen; all of the above Signup and view all the answers

What result(s) would you expect if you had forgotten to add the developing buffer?

a 'false negative' for the positive control and all of the patient samples would read negative Signup and view all the answers

Why might a patient infected with HIV initially test negative with the indirect ELISA?

The patient has not yet undergone seroconversion. Signup and view all the answers

In the direct ELISA, _______.

both primary and secondary antibodies bind to the antigen Signup and view all the answers

Within a class of antibodies, the _______.

constant region has the same sequence of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

In the indirect ELISA, _______.

the secondary antibody binds to the constant region of the primary antibody Signup and view all the answers

In both the direct and indirect ELISA, the substance that changes from colorless to colored in a positive result is the _______.

substrate Signup and view all the answers

The proteins separated on the nitrocellulose in this activity are _______.

HIV antigens Signup and view all the answers

In this activity, _______________ was used to detect a positive result.

an indirect ELISA Signup and view all the answers

The sample(s) from which of the following tested positive for reverse transcriptase?

the positive control Signup and view all the answers

After the proteins are separated by electrophoresis, the _______.

nitrocellulose membrane is treated with antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Western blotting _______.

True Signup and view all the answers

The ELISA is easier to perform and less expensive than the Western blot.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antibodies and Blood Components

Antibodies are produced by plasma cells.
Serum is the fluid portion of blood after clotting factors are removed.

Chlamydia and Antigen Detection

The reticulate body is the form of Chlamydia that divides inside host cells.
Direct fluorescent antibody tests utilize fluorescently labeled antibodies to detect specific antigens in patient samples.
Washing steps in tests are vital to decrease nonspecific binding.

Testing Results and Interpretations

A positive result with a negative control leads to a "false positive," rendering the results invalid.
Only one patient sample tested positive for Chlamydia.
Antigens that share epitopes can exhibit partial identity or be identical.

Serum Albumin Identifications

Human serum albumin shows partial identity when compared to bovine serum albumin and sheep serum albumin.
Precipitin lines between wells indicate antigen-antibody interaction; an arc signifies partial identity whereas an X indicates no shared epitopes.

Ouchterlony Technique

Optimal antigen-antibody ratio forms a precipitin line in the Ouchterlony test medium, which is agar.

Indeterminate Test Results

Indeterminate test results may occur due to low antibody levels, recent infection, or ineffective washing steps.
Forgetting to add the developing buffer can cause false negatives for positive controls and patient samples.

ELISA Techniques

Indirect ELISA could yield negative results in HIV patients still undergoing seroconversion.
Direct ELISA involves both primary and secondary antibodies binding to the antigen.
In indirect ELISA, the secondary antibody attaches to the primary antibody's constant region.

Substrates and Controls

In ELISAs, substrates change from colorless to colored in positive results.
Proteins separated in this lab are HIV antigens, detected by an indirect ELISA.

Western Blotting Techniques

Proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and treated with antibodies post-electrophoresis.
Western blotting is acknowledged as a serological technique.
ELISA is often preferred over Western blot due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Physio Ex 12. Each card covers important concepts related to antibodies, blood components, and Chlamydia. Perfect for review or quick learning.