Physiology Unit 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

According to the principle of complementarity, how does anatomy relate to physiology?

What structure can do depends on its specific form.

Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body (6 total) and explain their relationship.

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system, and organismal level.

List the survival needs of the human body (4 total).

Nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.

List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans (8 total).

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness/irritability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of homeostasis to the human body?

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal state despite environmental changes. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback and explain how they regulate homeostasis.

Positive feedback amplifies changes in the same direction, while negative feedback counteracts changes to return to a stable state. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position and its importance.

Feet apart, body erect, palms up; it serves as a reference point for anatomical terminology. Signup and view all the answers

Use directional terms to describe the relationship between the elbow's olecranal region and your palm.

The olecranal is superior/medial/proximal to the palm, while the palm is inferior/lateral/distal to the olecranal. Signup and view all the answers

List the 11 organ systems.

Cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, digestive, reproductive, muscular, skeletal, lymphatic, endocrine, urinary, and integumentary. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the cardiovascular system.

Includes blood vessels and heart; moves oxygen and CO2 within the blood. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the respiratory system.

Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchi; involved with oxygen supply and CO2 removal. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the nervous system.

Includes the brain, sensory receptors, spinal cord, and nerves; serves as the control center for body functions. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the digestive system.

Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, and anus; involved in food processing. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the male/female reproductive system.

Male: penis, testis, prostate gland, scrotum, ductus deferens; Female: mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the muscular system.

Includes skeletal muscles; involved in movement and posture. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the skeletal system.

Includes bones and joints; supports the body and protects organs. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the lymphatic system/immunity.

Includes red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes; involved in fluid balance and immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the endocrine system.

Includes thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, pineal gland, pituitary gland, and testes; releases hormones for regulation. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the urinary system.

Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; removes nitrogenous wastes and regulates water and electrolyte balance. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components and functions of the integumentary system.

Includes hair, skin, and nails; protects internal structures. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.

Homeostatic imbalance can lead to disease as the body's internal balance is disrupted, especially with aging. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

Principle of complementarity: Structure determines function; a specific form allows a structure to perform its function effectively.

Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules; molecules create organelles, which are the functional units of cells.
Cellular level: Cells share common functions but differ in structure and function.
Tissue level: Groups of similar cells working together; categories include epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue, each with distinct roles.
Organ level: Composed of at least two different tissue types to perform specific functions.
Organ system: Groups of organs that collaborate to achieve common physiological goals.
Organismal level: Totality of all structural levels functioning cohesively to sustain life.

Survival Needs

Key survival needs: Nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature & atmospheric pressure.

Functional Characteristics of Life

Essential traits: Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

Homeostasis

Significance: Homeostasis ensures a stable internal environment despite external changes; it is crucial for health and function.

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback: Enhances original stimulus to push the system further from its starting point (e.g., childbirth contractions).
Negative feedback: Counteracts changes, returning systems to their set point to maintain homeostasis (e.g., regulating body temperature).

Anatomical Position

Definition: Body is upright with feet shoulder-width apart, arms at sides, and palms facing forward; serves as a reference point for anatomical terminology.
Importance: Provides a standard frame of reference for describing anatomical locations and relationships.

Directional Terms

Olecranal region (elbow) is superior, medial, and proximal to the palm.
The palm is inferior, lateral, and distal to the olecranal region.

Organ Systems Overview

Eleven organ systems include:
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Digestive, Reproductive, Muscular, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Urinary, and Integumentary.

Organ System Functions

Cardiovascular System: Consists of blood vessels and heart; responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System: Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchi; facilitates gas exchange and maintains oxygen supply.
Nervous System: Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; serves as the control center responding to internal and external changes.
Digestive System: Contains oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver; breaks down food for nutrient absorption and waste elimination.
Reproductive System: In males includes penis, testes, prostate; in females includes ovaries, uterus; responsible for producing offspring and sexual hormones.
Muscular System: Primarily skeletal muscles; enables movement and posture, generates heat.
Skeletal System: Composed of bones and joints; provides structure, protects organs, and produces blood cells.
Lymphatic System: Includes lymphatic vessels, nodes, and organs; helps return fluid to blood and protects against pathogens.
Endocrine System: Composed of glands like the thyroid and adrenal; regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through hormones.
Urinary System: Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; removes waste and regulates fluid balance.
Integumentary System: Composed of skin, hair, and nails; serves as a protective barrier for internal structures.

Homeostatic Imbalance and Disease

Homeostatic imbalance can lead to health issues; diminished internal balance often correlates with aging and disease onset.

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Description

Test your knowledge of anatomy and physiology with these flashcards based on Unit 1 principles. Explore the relationship between structure and function in the human body through essential concepts like the levels of structural organization. Perfect for students preparing for exams in physiology.