Physics: Pressure and Fluid Dynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical maximum volume in the bladder before voiding?

  • 500 ml (correct)
  • 300 ml
  • 700 ml
  • 1000 ml
  • What is the method of measuring bladder pressure by inserting a needle through the wall of the abdomen into the bladder?

  • Invasive urodynamics
  • Transurethral pressure measurement
  • Direct cystometry (correct)
  • Indirect cystometry
  • What is the relationship between the increase in radius of the bladder and the increase in volume?

  • Volume increases as R, radius increases
  • Volume increases as R2, radius increases
  • Volume increases as R4, radius increases
  • Volume increases as R3, radius increases (correct)
  • What is the highest pressure in the body found in?

    <p>Weight-bearing bone joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the pressure in the knee joint increase when walking?

    <p>Because the force is concentrated on a smaller area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bones adapt to reduce pressure?

    <p>By changing the shape of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the increase in radius of the bladder and the increase in pressure?

    <p>Pressure increases as R2, radius increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the esophagus usually compared to?

    <p>Intrathoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal voiding pressure in the bladder?

    <p>20 to 40 cm H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of measuring bladder pressure by passing a catheter with a pressure sensor into the bladder?

    <p>Indirect cystometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pressure

    • Pressure (P) is a force per unit area: P = F/A
    • Units of pressure: pascal (Pa), pounds per square inch (psi), bar (bar), atmospheric pressure (atm), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), inches of mercury (inHg), torr

    Blood Pressure

    • Measured using a sphygmomanometer
    • Systolic pressure: maximum pressure driving blood at the peak of the pulse
    • Diastolic pressure: lowest blood pressure between pulses
    • Normal blood pressure: 120 mmHg systolic, 80 mmHg diastolic

    Pressure in the Body

    • Pressure in the circulatory system: affected by pumping action of the heart and losses associated with arterial expansion and contraction, and viscous friction
    • Hydrocephalus: increased pressure in the skull due to trapped cerebrospinal fluid
    • Glaucoma: increased pressure in the eye due to partial blockage of the drain system
    • Pressure in the digestive system:
      • Increases during eating due to air swallowed and bacterial action
      • Coupled to intrathoracic pressure through the diaphragm
      • External factors such as belts, girdles, flying, and swimming affect gut pressure
    • Pressure in the urinary bladder:
      • Increases with volume due to accumulation of urine
      • Measured using indirect cystometry (passing a catheter with a pressure sensor) or direct cystometry (inserting a needle through the abdomen)
    • Pressure in the skeleton:
      • Highest pressures found in weight-bearing bone joints (up to 10 atm)
      • Bone adaptation reduces pressure by increasing surface area (e.g., flat finger bones)

    Practice Problems

    • Example 1: Calculate the pressure exerted by a person on the ground
    • Example 2: Calculate the force exerted by the atmosphere over an area
    • Example 3: Calculate the pressure exerted by the air on the bottom surface of a rectangular box
    • Example 4: Calculate the mass of a vertical column of air that exerts a pressure of 1 atm over a square surface
    • Example 5: Calculate the gauge pressure and absolute pressure at the oil-water interface and at the bottom of a container
    • Example 6: Calculate the difference in blood pressure between the head and feet of a person

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    Description

    Quiz on pressure calculations, including gauge pressure and absolute pressure, in different fluid systems.

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