Physics Mechanics and Energy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the variable F represent in the equation F = μN?

  • Friction coefficient
  • Normal force in newtons
  • Force in newtons (correct)
  • Frictional energy in joules

In the equation F1D1 = F2D2, what does the variable D stand for?

  • Density
  • Direction
  • Distance (correct)
  • Diameter

What is the formula for calculating displacement in uniformly accelerated motion?

  • s = vot + at
  • s = vot + 0.5at^2 (correct)
  • s = 0.5(v + vo)t
  • s = vt + a

Which of the following correctly represents kinetic energy?

<p>K.E. = mv^2 / 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does P.E. stand for in the equation P.E. = mgh?

<p>Potential energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceleration due to gravity (g) as used in the potential energy formula?

<p>9.8 m/s^2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation v = vo + at, which term represents original velocity?

<p>vo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between final and initial velocity described by v^2 = vo^2 + 2as?

<p>Final velocity depends on initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is displacement defined in physics?

<p>It is the change in position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable m represent in the kinetic energy equation K.E. = mv^2 / 2?

<p>Mass of the object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating hood entry loss?

<p>he = (1 − C) × VP² (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable represents the actual ventilation rate in cubic feet per minute?

<p>Q (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable K represent in the context of ventilation calculations?

<p>Design distribution constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is total pressure (TP) calculated?

<p>TP = SP + VP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for determining the concentration C at a given time?

<p>C = (G − Q) / V (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable PV represent in the concentration formula C?

<p>Pressure of chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of engineering economy, what does F represent?

<p>Future value of money (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the probability of failure (Pf) related to reliability (R(t))?

<p>Pf = 1 − R(t) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol SG represent in ventilation calculations?

<p>Specific gravity of volatile liquid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the relationship between effective ventilation rate (Q′) and generation rate (G)?

<p>Q′ = G/K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lpt represent in sound intensity calculations?

<p>Combined sound pressure level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reference acoustic power used in calculating sound power level?

<p>$10^{-12}$ W (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To calculate the dosage (D), what do you sum over?

<p>Actual exposure time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to calculate noise reduction (dB)?

<p>$dB = 10 imes log_{10} (A2/A1)$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable T represent in the equation T = (L - 90) / 5?

<p>Time allowed for exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation for intensity from a distance, what does I represent?

<p>Intensity of the source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical value of the reference sound pressure level (po)?

<p>0.00002 N/m2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable β represent in the intensity equations?

<p>Scattering factor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general equation for the power density (W) of an antenna?

<p>$W = \frac{16 P}{4 \pi D^2}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation for sound pressure level (Lp), what is p?

<p>Measured sound pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula $W = mg$ represent?

<p>The work done to lift an object against gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula calculates the potential energy stored in a compressed spring?

<p>$PE = \frac{1}{2} k x^2$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the variable $RWL$ in the ergonomic lifting index formula?

<p>It stands for the recommended weight limit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation $PV = nRT$ summarize?

<p>The relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation for ventilation, $Q = VA$, what does $A$ represent?

<p>Cross-sectional area of the duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT included in the formula for calculating $RWL$?

<p>Velocity of the lift (V) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula gives the lower flammability limit (LFL) in a chemical mixture?

<p>$LFL_m = f_1 \cdot LFL_1 + f_2 \cdot LFL_2 + ... + f_n \cdot LFL_n$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit for measuring work in the equation $W = Fs$?

<p>Joules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gas laws, what does $T$ represent?

<p>Temperature in Kelvin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the relationship $\frac{P_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2 V_2}{T_2}$ indicate?

<p>The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature during state changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frictional Force

The force that resists motion between two surfaces in contact.

Coefficient of Friction (μ)

The ratio of frictional force to the normal force between two surfaces.

Work (F1D1 = F2D2)

The product of a force and the distance over which it acts.

Velocity (v)

The rate of change of an object's position.

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Acceleration (a)

The rate of change of velocity over time.

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Kinetic Energy (K.E.)

The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

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Potential Energy (P.E.)

The energy possessed by an object due to its position relative to a reference point.

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Elastic Potential Energy

The energy stored in a spring due to its compression or extension.

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Spring Constant (k)

A measure of how stiff a spring is. It represents the force required for each unit of displacement.

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Compression (x)

The amount of compression or extension of a spring from its resting position.

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Momentum (ρ)

The product of an object's mass and velocity.

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Force (F)

The product of mass and acceleration.

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Weight (W = mg)

The work done on or by an object due to the force of gravity.

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Work (W = Fs)

The product of force and distance.

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Lifting Index (LI)

A measure of the potential for injury when lifting an object.

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Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)

The maximum weight that a worker should lift under ideal conditions.

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Parts Per Million (ppm)

The amount of a substance present in a given volume of air, expressed as parts per million.

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Hood Entry Loss (he)

Hood entry loss is the pressure drop that occurs when air enters a hood opening. It is calculated using this formula.

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Coefficient of Entry Loss (Ce)

The coefficient of entry loss (Ce) represents the resistance to airflow as it enters the hood. It depends on the hood's design and the velocity of air.

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Velocity Pressure of Duct (VP)

Velocity pressure (VP) is the pressure associated with the movement of air in a duct. It's crucial for understanding how efficiently a hood captures fumes.

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Actual Ventilation Rate (Q)

The actual ventilation rate (Q) represents the volume of air moved through a ventilation system per minute. It's vital for removing contaminants effectively.

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Specific Gravity (SG)

Specific gravity (SG) of a liquid compares its density to that of water. This is crucial for calculating the rate of contaminant generation.

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Evaporation Rate (ER)

Evaporation rate (ER) measures how quickly a liquid turns into vapor. It's a key factor in determining contaminant levels.

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Design Distribution Constant (K)

The design distribution constant (K) takes into account incomplete mixing of contaminant air. It's a safety factor to ensure proper ventilation.

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Molecular Weight(MW)

Molecular weight (MW) is the mass of a molecule of the contaminant. It's essential for calculating the generation rate of contaminants.

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Desired Concentration (C)

The desired concentration (C) of a contaminant is the maximum allowable level in a workspace. It's usually based on safety regulations.

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Combined Sound Pressure Level (Lpt)

The combined sound pressure level from multiple sources is calculated using this formula. It sums the individual sound pressure levels in dB, each raised to the power of 10.

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Sound Power Level (Lw)

The sound power level (Lw) is a measure of the total acoustic power emitted by a source, expressed in dB. It's related to the acoustic power (W) and a reference acoustic power (Wo).

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Sound Pressure Level (Lp)

The sound pressure level (Lp) measures the pressure fluctuations in air caused by sound. It's expressed in dB and is related to the measured sound pressure (p) and a reference sound pressure (po).

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Noise Reduction (NR) in Ducts

The noise reduction (NR) is a measure of how much noise is reduced when sound travels through a duct, expressed in dB per foot. It depends on the duct's perimeter, lining material absorption coefficient, and cross-sectional area.

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Time Allowed for Exposure (T)

This equation calculates the time allowed for exposure to a given sound level (L) to avoid potential hearing damage. It expresses the time in minutes based on the sound pressure level.

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Inverse Square Law

Calculating the effect of distance on sound level. d1 is the original distance, d2 is the new distance, and I is the sound intensity. A further distance from the sound source results in a lower sound intensity.

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Dosage (D)

The combined effect of sound exposures, expressed in a unit called 'dose'. It's calculated by summing the individual exposure time (Ci) divided by the allowed exposure time (Ti) for each sound level.

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Distance Adjustment for Sound Level

This equation adjusts the sound level measurement to account for different distances. It calculates the sound level (dB1) at a new distance (d1) based on the original measurement at a distance (do).

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Time-Weighted Average (TWA)

This formula calculates the time-weighted average (TWA) of sound exposure, taking into account the duration and intensity of the sound throughout the exposure. It's expressed in dB and is used to assess noise hazards.

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Noise Reduction based on Absorption Units

Calculating noise reduction in decibels (dB) based on the absorption units (sabins) in a space before and after treatment. More absorption units mean less sound reflection and more sound absorption.

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Study Notes

Mechanics

  • Frictional force (F) is calculated as: F = μN
  • μ = coefficient of friction
  • N = newtons
  • F1D1 = F2D2
  • Force (F) is measured in newtons
  • Distance (D) is a measure of length
  • Velocity (v) is found using: v = v° + at
  • v° = original velocity at start of acceleration
  • a = acceleration
  • t = time in seconds
  • Displacement (s) is change in position, usually from an original position
  • v = initial velocity
  • a = acceleration
  • v² = v²° + 2as
  • v = final velocity
  • a = acceleration of the object (meters per second squared)

Energy

  • Kinetic energy (K.E.) = (1/2)mv²
  • m= mass
  • v = velocity
  • Potential energy (P.E.)= mgh
  • m = mass
  • g = gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s²
  • h = height
  • Potential energy (elastic)= ½kx²
  • k = spring constant, N/m²
  • x = amount of compression

Momentum

  • Momentum (p) = mv
  • m = mass
  • v = velocity

Force

  • F = ma
  • F = amount of force, measured in newtons
  • m = mass, measured in kilograms
  • a = acceleration, measured in meters per second squared

Work

  • Work (W) = Fs
  • W = work done on or to a system, measured in joules or N/m² (1 J = 1 N× 1 m)
  • F = force, measured in newtons
  • s = distance, usually in meters or feet

Ergonomics (NIOSH Lifting Equations)

  • Lifting Index (LI) = L/RWL
  • L = object weight
  • RWL = recommended weight limit
  • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM
  • LC= load constant, HM = horizontal multiplier, VM = vertical multiplier, DM = distance multiplier, AM = asymmetric multiplier, FM = frequency multiplier, CM = coupling multiplier

Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

  • Outdoors with solar load : 0.7WB +0.2 GT = 0.1 DB
  • Indoor (no solar load) : 0.7WB + 0.3 GT

Vapor and Gas Concentrations

  • ppm = parts per million, mg/m³ = measured mg/m³ of the contaminant, MW = molecular weight of the contaminant, 24.45 = constant = 1 g-mol
  • TLV = threshold limit value of the chemical
  • f₁ + f₂ + ... + fₙ = 1 (fraction of chemical in the mixture)

Ventilation

  • Q = volumetric flow rate (cfm)

  • V = velocity (fpm)

  • Q = VA

  • A = cross-sectional area of the duct (sf)

  • V = 4005√√SP

  • SP₁ = static pressure of the hood ("wg)

  • h

  • SP = VP + he

Ventilation (continued)

  • Q = 403×10⁶×SG×ER×K / (MW×C)
  • SG = specific gravity
  • ER = evaporation rate
  • K = design constant
  • MW = molecular weight
  • C = desired concentration

Noise

  • Sound intensity (I) = p²/(ρc)
  • p = sound pressure level (N/m²)
  • p = the density of the medium in air (1.2 kg/m²)
  • c = the speed of sound in air (344 m/s)
  • combined sound pressure level (Lpt)= 10log₁₀ (Σ₁⁰ Pᵢ²/P₀²)
  • Lw = sound power level (dB)
  • Lp = sound pressure level (dB)
  • p = measured sound pressure level (N/m²)
  • p₀ = reference sound pressure level (0.00002 N/m²)
  • TWA= time weighted average,dB = noise reduction in decibels,A₂ = total number of absorption units,A₁ = total number of absorption units (sabins)

Radiation

  • Intensity (I₂) = I₁(d₁²/d₂²)
  • Intensity (I) = I°e⁻²µx
  • μ = linear attenuation coefficient
  • x = shielding thickness

Engineering Economy

  • F = P(1 + i)ⁿ, F = future value of money,
  • P = present value of money(principal)
  • i = interest rate (decimal), n = number of years

Engineering Economy (continued)

  • P = F(1 + i)⁻ⁿ
  • P = present worth of money (principal), F = future worth, i = interest rate
  • F = A((1+i)ⁿ-1)/i, A = each payment, i = interest rate, n = number of periods
  • A= p (i ((1+i)ⁿ)/((1+i)ⁿ - 1))

Reliability

  • P₁ = 1 - R(t)
  • R(t)= e⁻^λt, (lambda)

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