70 Questions
In a series circuit, the current can only flow along one _______________
path
Parallel circuit is a circuit that has at least one __________________ where the current splits into two or more pathways
branch point
As you add resistors in a series circuit the resistance __________________ which decreases the current
increases
In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same so it doesn't matter how many light bulbs you add as long as you have a strong __________________
battery
In a series circuit, the current is the same but not for __________________ circuits
parallel
In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across each component of the __________________ circuit
parallel
Electrons will go from __________________ to negative
positive
DNA stands for ______________ acid
Deoxyribonucleic
The nucleus contains ______________
DNA
During cell division, chromatin coils into ______________ chromosomes
X-Shaped
Humans have ______________ chromosomes (23 pairs)
46
Mitosis is the cell division of two ______________ daughter cells
identical
In the ______________ phase, membrane breaks down, spindle fibres form, and DNA condenses into duplicated chromosomes
Prophase
Meiosis is the cell division in which parent cell divides to produce ______________ daughter cells
4
Ionic compounds such as sodium chloride form crystals with a ______ shape.
cubic
Ionic bonds are strong and a lot of ______ is needed to break them down.
heat
Larger ionic charges produce stronger ionic bonds, which needs more ______ to be broken down.
heat
As solids, ionic compounds cannot conduct ______ because their ions are bonded together in the lattice.
electricity
As liquids, the ions can break free of the lattice and are able to move ______ and are able to carry an electric current.
freely
Ionic compounds are ______, but also hard.
brittle
Alkali metals are metals that are extremely ______.
reactive
Alkali metals get their names because they produce ______ when they interact with water.
alkalies
Ionic bonds are strong ______ forces between ions.
electrostatic
An atom that loses electrons has more __________, making the ion a positive ion
protons
Anion is also known as a __________ ion
negative
An ion made up of a group of atoms is called a __________ ion
compound
Alkali metals have an ion charge of __________
1
The period number indicates the principal __________ level that is filling
energy
Covalent radius is the effective distance from the center of the __________ to the outer valence shells
nucleus
Positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each other through __________ attraction
electrostatic
In a series circuit, the current can only flow along one __________________
path
As you add resistors in a series circuit the resistance __________________ which decreases the current
increases
A __________________ is used to measure the voltage between two points in an electrical circuit
voltmeter
In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across each component of the __________________ circuit
parallel
Electrons will go from __________________ to negative
positive
Resistance is the limit of flow of __________________
charge
Power is the amount of energy consumed or released by a __________________
circuit
Ohm's Law states that voltage is equal to current multiplied by __________________
resistance
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the particle cannot be dissolves and is visible to the ______________
eye
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the solute is dissolved in the ______________
solvent
The melting/boiling points of lithium are low because there are weak ______________ forces
intermolecular
The melting/boiling points of lithium are high because there are strong ______________ bonds
ionic
Lithium does not conduct electricity because there are no free ______________ or electrons
ions
Lithium conducts electricity because there are free ______________ or electrons
ions
Electrostatic forces are an attractive as well as repulsive force caused by the ______________ charge particles
electric
Delocalised electrons are electrons not connected to a single atom or ______________ bond
covalent
Coal is found in underground formations called __________________ or 'coal beds'
coal seams
The heat energy is used to turn water into __________________
steam
Trophic level 1 are usually the __________________
producers
Food chains are inaccurate because they do not show the interactions among the variety of __________________ and consumers
producers
Biodiversity can contribute to the sustainability of an __________________
ecosystem
Bioaccumulation is a process of gathering of chemicals in an organism that takes place if the rate of intake exceeds the rate of __________________
excretion
Concerning features of fossil fuels is that they are __________________
non renewable
The national grid is sending the electricity to our __________________
homes
The mass of an atom is located in the ______
nucleus
Electrons orbit the nucleus at set distances in certain fixed energy ______
levels
The atomic number also tells you how much ______ and protons there are
electrons
The mass number is the number of protons and ______ added together
neutrons
The chemical elements are arranged in order of increasing ______ number
atomic
The horizontal rows are called ______ and the vertical columns are called groups
periods
Electrons have no ______ and are not located in the nucleus
mass
The atom has a ______ charge
neutral
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric ______________, either positive or negative
charge
Atoms with incomplete outer electron shells are ______________
unstable
Cations are also known as ______________ ions
positive
Anions are also known as ______________ ions
negative
An ion made up of a group of atoms is called a ______________ ion
compound
The period number indicates the principal ______________ level that is filling
energy
Covalent radius is the effective distance from the center of the ______________ to the outer valence shells
nucleus
Positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each other through ______________ attraction
electrostatic
Study Notes
Topic 3 - Physics
Series and Parallel Circuit
- A series circuit is a circuit with only one path for current to flow.
- A parallel circuit is a circuit with at least one branch point where the current splits into two or more pathways.
- Current is the flow of electrons and is measured in amps (amperes).
- In a series circuit, adding resistors increases resistance, which decreases current, while in a parallel circuit, the voltage remains the same, and adding resistors decreases resistance.
- Electrons flow from positive to negative.
- In a series circuit, the current is the same throughout, but not in a parallel circuit.
- In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across each component.
Circuits and Components
- A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the voltage between two points in an electrical circuit.
- An ammeter is an instrument used to measure electric current.
- A resistor is a component that opposes the flow of electrons.
- A resistor is used to adjust the value of current or voltage.
- A speaker is a device that converts audio signals into sound signals.
- A cell stores chemical energy and transfers it to electrical energy when a circuit is connected.
- A battery is two or more cells connected together.
- The cell's chemical energy is used up by pushing a current (electrons) around a circuit.
- The bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the current.
Ohm's Law
- Ohm's Law states that electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit is equal to the product of current and resistance.
- The Ohm is used to measure resistance.
- Voltage = Current x Resistance
- Current = Voltage ÷ Resistance
- Resistance = Voltage ÷ Current
- Power = Voltage x Current
- Resistance is the limit of flow of charge.
- The bigger the resistance, the less the current will flow.
- Power is the amount of energy consumed or released by a circuit.
Fossil Fuels
Coal
- Thermal energy is the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature (heat).
- The process of generating energy from coal involves:
- Shipping and transporting coal near the power station.
- Moving coal to the power station by conveyor belts.
- Grinding coal into a fine powder (pulverised).
- Transporting pulverised coal into the furnace.
Topic 1 - Biology
DNA Sequence
- DNA is an organism's genetic material.
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.
- The nucleus contains DNA.
- DNA is the molecule that carries the master set of instructions for how cells function, what they will produce, and when they will die.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication is the process of making an exact copy of DNA.
- The 4 enzymes and their functions are:
- Helicase: unwinds DNA.
- Primase: adds primers to template strands.
- DNA polymerase: adds nucleotides to template strands.
- Ligase: seals gaps between nucleotides.
- In the nucleus, DNA is usually in the form of chromatin.
- Chromatin coils into X-Shaped chromosomes during cell division.
- Homologous means having the same relation.
Mitosis
- Mitosis is the cell division of two identical daughter cells.
- Mitosis occurs during asexual reproduction.
- Cells divide to grow and replace old cells, and repair damaged tissues.
- Chromosomes are made from protein and DNA.
- Chromosomes are measured by the number of centromeres.
- Interphase: the resting phase, cell growth, and DNA replication, takes 90% of the cell cycle.
- Phases of mitosis:
- Prophase: membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form, DNA condenses into duplicated chromosomes.
- Metaphase: spindle fibers line up chromosomes along the middle of the cell.
- Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled apart and go to each end of the cell.
- Telophase: two nuclei form, and each contains a complete copy of the cell's DNA.
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm and organelles are divided, and two separate cells are formed.
Meiosis
- Meiosis is the cell division in which a parent cell divides to produce 4 daughter cells.
- The PMAT happens twice.
- The main features of meiosis:
- Chromosomes are copied.
- Cell divides twice, forming four gametes.
- Diploid is a type of cell that has two parts of chromosomes, one from each parent.
- Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells.
Note: Please let me know if you need me to revise anything.
Physics
Series and Parallel Circuits
- Series circuit: a circuit with only one path for current to flow
- Parallel circuit: a circuit with at least one branch point where current splits into two or more pathways
- Current: the flow of electrons, measured in amps (ampere)
- As you add resistors in a series circuit, resistance increases and current decreases
- In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across each component, and resistance decreases as more resistors are added
Circuits and Components
- Voltmeter: measures voltage between two points in an electrical circuit
- Ammeter: measures electric current
- Resistor: a component that resists the flow of electrons, also known as a component
- Resistor adjusts the value of current or voltage
- Cell: stores chemical energy and transfers it to electrical energy when a circuit is connected
- Battery: two or more cells connected together
- The bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the current
Ohm's Law
- Ohm's Law: states that electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit is equal to the current multiplied by the resistance
- Voltage = Current x Resistance
- Current = Voltage ÷ Resistance
- Resistance = Voltage ÷ Current
- Power = Voltage x Current
- Resistance is the limit of flow of charge
- The bigger the resistance, the less the current will flow
- Power is the amount of energy consumed or released by a circuit
Fossil Fuels
Coal
- Coal: a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants
- Thermal energy: the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature (heat)
- Steps involved in generating electricity from coal:
- Coal is shipped and transported near the power station
- Coal is moved to the power station by conveyor belts
- Coal is ground into a fine powder (pulverised)
- Pulverised coal is transported into the furnace
- Coal is burned inside the furnace, releasing heat energy
- Heat energy is used to turn water into steam
- Steam makes the turbine spin
- Turbine makes the electromagnet spin
- Electromagnet generates electricity
- Electricity is sent to homes through the national grid
Problems with Using Coal as an Energy Source
- Carbon dioxide is released, causing global warming
- Sulphur and nitrogen oxides are released, causing acid rain
- Dust from mining causes smog (air pollution that reduces visibility)
- Destruction of landscape and habitats
- Coal is a non-renewable energy source, eventually running out
Ecology
Energy Levels
- Food chains can be organised into an energy pyramid
- Trophic levels: 1 (producers), 2 (primary consumers), 3 (secondary consumers), 4 (tertiary consumers)
- 90% of energy is lost between trophic levels
- Energy is lost as heat or undigested
Food Web
- Food web: made up of multiple food chains that interact together
- Shows more interactions among producers and consumers
- Shows biodiversity (all types of organisms living in a given area)
- Biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem
Bioaccumulation
- Bioaccumulation: the process of gathering chemicals in an organism if the rate of intake exceeds the rate of excretion
- As the human population grows, more waste is produced, leading to bioaccumulation
Chemistry
Atoms
- Atom: has a neutral charge, with a nucleus and electrons
- Protons and electrons have the same amount, and the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons added together
- Electrons orbit the nucleus at set distances in certain fixed energy levels (shells)
- The atomic number tells you how much electrons and protons there are
Periodic Table
- The chemical elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
- Horizontal rows are called periods, and vertical columns are called groups
- Ion charges are indicated by +(number)
Ions and Ionic Bonding
- Ion: an atom or group of atoms with an electric charge, either positive or negative
- Cations: positive ions, formed when an atom loses electrons
- Anions: negative ions, formed when an atom gains electrons
- Ionic bonding: the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Ionic substances form giant ionic lattices containing oppositely charged ions, with high melting and boiling points
Understand the basics of series and parallel circuits, including current flow, resistance, and measurement in amps.
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