Physics: Conservation of Energy

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Questions and Answers

What is the total energy of an object called?

Conservation of Energy (correct)

Thermal Energy

Kinetic Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

What is the unit of acceleration due to gravity on Earth?

9.5 m/s^2

9.8 m/s^2 (correct)

10.2 m/s^2

11.5 m/s^2

What is the formula to calculate Gravitational Potential Energy?

1/2 mv^2

mv^2

mgv

mgh (correct)

What type of energy is greater if an object moves faster?

Kinetic Energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate Kinetic Energy?

1/2 mv^2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the released energy through friction in an inclined plane lab?

Heat Energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of Power?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal energy dependent on?

Movement of particles in the object Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical power calculated from?

Torque and angular velocity Signup and view all the answers

What is electrical power calculated from?

Voltage and current Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the relationship between electricity and magnetism?

Electromagnetism Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which large atoms are split apart to release energy in nuclear power plants?

Fission reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one unit?

Specific heat capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that shows the relationship between energy and mass?

E = mc^2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy released when small atoms are fused together?

Nuclear fusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of specific heat capacity?

Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the minimum heat absorbed by a substance before a unit change in its temperature is observed?

Heat capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a temperature difference?

Heat energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ratio of the molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure to the molar specific heat capacity at constant volume?

Adiabatic index Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance that has the highest specific heat capacity among common substances?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of energy in living organisms?

To provide the ability to do work Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which plants produce sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy released by the breakdown of sugar to carbon dioxide and water?

Exergonic energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of motion characterized by repeated motion at regular intervals?

Periodic motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the distance between two successive identical points in a wave?

Wavelength Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the boiling point of water at higher altitudes?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy transferred from one substance to another due to a temperature difference?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding salt to water in terms of its boiling point?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum height reached by a wave from its equilibrium or resting position?

Amplitude Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of energy transfer in cellular respiration?

From sugar to carbon dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of thermal energy?

It is a type of kinetic energy that can be transferred through conduction, convection, and radiation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between electromagnetic radiation and gravitational radiation?

Electromagnetic radiation requires a medium to propagate, while gravitational radiation does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of radiometry?

To measure radiation flux in units of watts or joules per second. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of all energy?

Radiant energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chemical energy?

It is a type of potential energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb, while endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of electrical energy?

It is caused by moving electric charges that can apply force to move an object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of energy?

The ability to do work or apply force to move an object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of radiant energy?

It is a type of energy that can travel through empty space. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?

The Sun's radiant energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle of conservation of energy?

Energy can only change from one type to another. Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is dependent on an object's height?

Gravitational potential energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy?

Joules Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of friction in an inclined plane lab?

Energy is released as heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of power in physics?

The amount of work done over time Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal energy dependent on?

The movement of an object's particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mechanical power and electrical power?

Mechanical power is used for engines, while electrical power is used for circuits Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for mechanical power?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and an object's velocity?

Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of velocity Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of calculating the difference between kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy?

The amount of energy released as heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy transferred from one body to another due to a temperature difference?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which large atoms are split apart to release energy in nuclear power plants?

Fission reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the relationship between electricity and magnetism?

Electromagnetism Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of electric energy?

Joules Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one unit?

Heat capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that shows the relationship between energy and mass?

E = mc^2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which small atoms are fused together to release energy?

Fusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy that moves from one place to another?

Current electricity Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance that has the highest specific heat capacity among common substances?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy released from the nucleus of atoms?

Nuclear energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why metals are good heat conductors?

Because they require less thermal energy to heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy that is transferred from one substance to another due to a temperature difference?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of impurities on the boiling point of water?

It increases the boiling point Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of thermal energy?

It is a type of kinetic energy and capable of doing work Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of energy in living organisms?

To enable survival and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which plants produce sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of radiant energy?

It is a type of energy that can transfer through empty space Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a vibration?

Repeated motion at regular intervals Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of all energy?

Gravitational radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chemical energy?

It is a type of potential energy and is stored in chemical bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the highest point of a wave?

Crest Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of altitude on the boiling point of water?

It decreases the boiling point Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy released by the breakdown of sugar to carbon dioxide and water?

Exergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of electrical energy?

It is a type of energy caused by moving electric charges Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the distance between two successive identical points in a wave?

Wavelength Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radiometry?

To make measurements in the electromagnetic spectrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of energy?

The ability to do work or apply force to move an object Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of electric charges affect electrical energy?

The faster the electric charges move, the more electrical energy they carry Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?

Radiant energy from the Sun Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Types

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only converted from one type to another
Types of energy:
- Gravitational potential energy (GPE)
- Kinetic energy (KE)
- Thermal energy
- Radiant energy
- Chemical energy
- Electrical energy
- Nuclear energy

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

GPE is based on an object's height
Calculated using the equation: GPE = mgh (mass, acceleration due to gravity, and height)
Higher objects have more GPE

Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE is greater if an object moves faster
Calculated using the equation: KE = 1/2 mv^2 (mass and velocity)

Thermal Energy

Thermal energy is due to the movement of particles in an object
Higher thermal energy when particles are moving quickly, lower thermal energy when particles are moving slowly
Can be transferred through:
- Convection
- Conduction
- Radiation

Radiant Energy

Radiant energy can transfer through empty space (vacuum)
Types of radiant energy:
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Gravitational radiation
Both types of radiant energy do not require matter to propagate
Electromagnetic radiation can take the form of oscillating waves or particles called photons
Gravitational radiation takes the form of waves that propagate through the curvature of spacetime
All radiant energy travels at the speed of light (~300,000,000 meters per second)

Chemical Energy

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
A form of potential energy
Exothermic reactions release energy, endothermic reactions absorb energy
Examples of chemical energy:
- Photosynthesis
- Petroleum
- Batteries

Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is caused by moving electric charges
Energy is the ability to do work or apply force to move an object
The faster the electric charges move, the more electrical energy they carry
Measured in Joules
Examples of electrical energy:
- Batteries
- Lightning
- Electrical charges moving through a wire

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is released from the nucleus of atoms
In nuclear power plants, energy is released through fission reactions
In stars, energy is released through fusion reactions
Einstein's equation: E = mc^2 (mass-energy equivalence)

Heat and Temperature

Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one body to another
Causes thermal expansion of objects
Heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance depends on:
- Mass of the substance
- Nature of the substance
- Temperature difference
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is the quantity of heat energy that results in a unit change in the temperature of the body
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required per unit mass of the substance to raise the temperature by one unit

Phase Changes

Phase changes occur due to the amount of energy in a substance
Examples of phase changes:
- Water freezing into ice
- Ice melting into water
- Water boiling into water vapor
Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, but can be manipulated by impurities and altitude

Energy in Living Organisms

Energy is required for survival and reproduction
Energy is transformed into more usable forms for living organisms
Plants utilize photosynthesis for the production of sugar and oxygen
Cells utilize sugar as a source of energy through cellular respiration

Vibrations and Waves

Vibrations are repeated back-and-forth motions of a particle when displaced from its equilibrium position
Characterized by repeated motion at regular intervals (periodic motion)
Vibrations and oscillations are the sources of all waves
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transporting the matter or the medium itself
Common parts and characteristics of waves:
- Crest
- Trough
- Amplitude
- Wavelength
- Frequency

Energy Types

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only converted from one type to another
Types of energy:
- Gravitational potential energy (GPE)
- Kinetic energy (KE)
- Thermal energy
- Radiant energy
- Chemical energy
- Electrical energy
- Nuclear energy

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

GPE is based on an object's height
Calculated using the equation: GPE = mgh (mass, acceleration due to gravity, and height)
Higher objects have more GPE

Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE is greater if an object moves faster
Calculated using the equation: KE = 1/2 mv^2 (mass and velocity)

Thermal Energy

Thermal energy is due to the movement of particles in an object
Higher thermal energy when particles are moving quickly, lower thermal energy when particles are moving slowly
Can be transferred through:
- Convection
- Conduction
- Radiation

Radiant Energy

Radiant energy can transfer through empty space (vacuum)
Types of radiant energy:
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Gravitational radiation
Both types of radiant energy do not require matter to propagate
Electromagnetic radiation can take the form of oscillating waves or particles called photons
Gravitational radiation takes the form of waves that propagate through the curvature of spacetime
All radiant energy travels at the speed of light (~300,000,000 meters per second)

Chemical Energy

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
A form of potential energy
Exothermic reactions release energy, endothermic reactions absorb energy
Examples of chemical energy:
- Photosynthesis
- Petroleum
- Batteries

Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is caused by moving electric charges
Energy is the ability to do work or apply force to move an object
The faster the electric charges move, the more electrical energy they carry
Measured in Joules
Examples of electrical energy:
- Batteries
- Lightning
- Electrical charges moving through a wire

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is released from the nucleus of atoms
In nuclear power plants, energy is released through fission reactions
In stars, energy is released through fusion reactions
Einstein's equation: E = mc^2 (mass-energy equivalence)

Heat and Temperature

Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one body to another
Causes thermal expansion of objects
Heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance depends on:
- Mass of the substance
- Nature of the substance
- Temperature difference
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is the quantity of heat energy that results in a unit change in the temperature of the body
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required per unit mass of the substance to raise the temperature by one unit

Phase Changes

Phase changes occur due to the amount of energy in a substance
Examples of phase changes:
- Water freezing into ice
- Ice melting into water
- Water boiling into water vapor
Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, but can be manipulated by impurities and altitude

Energy in Living Organisms

Energy is required for survival and reproduction
Energy is transformed into more usable forms for living organisms
Plants utilize photosynthesis for the production of sugar and oxygen
Cells utilize sugar as a source of energy through cellular respiration

Vibrations and Waves

Vibrations are repeated back-and-forth motions of a particle when displaced from its equilibrium position
Characterized by repeated motion at regular intervals (periodic motion)
Vibrations and oscillations are the sources of all waves
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transporting the matter or the medium itself
Common parts and characteristics of waves:
- Crest
- Trough
- Amplitude
- Wavelength
- Frequency

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Description

Learn about the conservation of energy, which states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but transformed from one type to another. This concept is applied to gravitational potential energy, calculated using the equation mgh.