Physics: Conservation of Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed from one type to another
Types of energy: gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, radiant energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy

Depends on an object's height
Calculated by the equation: GPE = mgh (mass x acceleration due to gravity x height)

Range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
Includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma rays
Each type has a specific frequency and wavelength

Bending of waves when passing from one medium to another
Snell's Law: ratio of angles of incidence and refraction equal to ratio of indices of refraction
Examples: prisms, lenses, total internal reflection### Doppler Effect
When an ambulance siren is moving towards an observer, the observer perceives a higher pitch sound, and a lower pitch when it is moving away.
A sonic boom occurs when a sound source is traveling faster than the speed of sound, an extreme form of the Doppler effect.
Edwin Hubble used the Doppler effect in light emitted by distant galaxies to conclude that the universe is expanding.
An observer will perceive a blue shifted galaxy when it is moving towards them, and a red shifted galaxy when it is moving away.

Properties of light include intensity (or brightness), direction, frequency (or color), and polarization.
Light travels in straight lines, bounces symmetrically from mirrors, and can be colored (like a laser).
White light contains a full rainbow inside it.

Reflection is when light bounces off a shiny, reflective surface.
Refraction is when light bends when moving from one medium to another.
The law of reflection states that the incident angle is equal to the reflected angle.
Refraction occurs due to density changes, causing a gradual bend in light.

Diffraction is the process by which a beam of light is spread out as it passes through an aperture or across the edge of an object.
Overlapping light waves create an interference pattern with light and dark areas.
Constructive interference occurs when peaks or troughs of two waves meet, resulting in a light area.
Destructive interference occurs when the peak of one wave meets the trough of another, resulting in a dark area.
A single slit produces a diffraction pattern with a large central maximum and alternating bands of dark and light.
Thinner apertures lead to more diffraction, with the pattern getting dimmer towards the edges.

Electric power represents the ability of an electric source to supply or of an electric device to consume electric energy over a specific time period.
Electric power is measured in watts (W), with 1 W equal to 1 joule per second.
Electric devices and appliances have a label showing their electric power.
Electric power can be calculated by multiplying current by voltage, or by multiplying current by resistance, or by dividing work done by time.

An electric circuit is a complete loop in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow.
The current in the circuit is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amps.
Components in a circuit, such as bulbs, sensors, and motors, act as resistors, resisting the flow of charge.
Resistance is voltage divided by current, so adding resistors decreases the current.

Voltage sources provide energy to electrons in an electric circuit.
Batteries are a type of voltage source that convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
Generators use moving magnets and electromagnetic induction to generate voltage.
Different types of voltage sources, such as nuclear, coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, and wind power, all convert energy into electric energy.