Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

Matter and its Composition

• Matter is anything that has mass and can occupy space.
• It is composed of baryonic materials.

Phases of Matter

• Solid phase: strong intermolecular forces between neighboring particles, keeping them locked in position, making them non-compressible.
• Liquid phase: intermolecular attractive forces hold particles close together, making them dense and less compressible, with a definite volume.
• Gas phase: no fixed volume or shape, can diffuse and fill a container, with the capacity to expand.

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

• Temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold matter is.
• Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object in motion.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

• Matter is composed of particles that are constantly in motion, possessing kinetic energy.
• The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is directly proportional to its temperature.
• There is a space between particles, and the amount of space is related to the substance's state of matter.
• Phase changes occur when the temperature of the substance changes sufficiently.

Intermolecular Forces

• Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that act between molecules.
• Types of intermolecular forces:
  • Dipole-dipole force: between oppositely charged poles of polar molecules.
  • Hydrogen bond: between polar molecules containing an electronegative oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
  • Ion-dipole force: between an ion and a polar molecule.
  • London dispersion force: a weak intermolecular force arising from interactive forces between instantaneous dipoles or induced dipoles in molecules, proposed by Fritz London.

Note on Intramolecular Forces

• Intramolecular forces are attractive forces that act within a molecule, distinguishing them from intermolecular forces that act between molecules.