Physics Chapter on Ionic Bonds and Gravity

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following elements has a +1 charge?

  • Li (correct)
  • F
  • He
  • O

What is the ionic bond formed between?

  • Atoms with the same charge
  • Atoms with opposite charges (correct)
  • Atoms with the same number of protons
  • Atoms with the same number of electrons

Which of the following is NOT a type of bond mentioned in the text?

  • Metallic (correct)
  • Hydrogen
  • Ionic
  • Covalent

Which of these elements is in the same group as fluorine?

<p>Chlorine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are there in a charge of -2 C?

<p>1.25 x 10^{19} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge per electron?

<p>-1.6 x 10^{-19} C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between the force of gravity and the distance between two objects?

<p>The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for the Universal Gravitational Constant (G)?

<p>N m²/kg² (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, what happens to the force of attraction between two objects as the mass of one object increases?

<p>The force of attraction increases proportionally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the force of gravity between two objects?

<p>Volume of the objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, which of the following scenarios would result in the strongest gravitational force between two objects?

<p>Two objects of large mass separated by a small distance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate value of the acceleration due to gravity at the location of the ISS?

<p>6.8 m/s² (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the variation in Earth's gravitational field strength?

<p>The Earth's shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth is approximately 9.8 m/s². What is the new acceleration due to gravity if you increase the distance from the Earth's center by a factor of 2?

<p>4.9 m/s² (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location in the table has the strongest gravitational field strength?

<p>New York (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the map, where is the gravitational field strength the weakest?

<p>The poles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the gravitational field strength on a planet or moon? (Assume that the object is a sphere and that we are measuring at its surface)

<p>$g = G \frac{m}{r^2}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of gravitational field strength?

<p>m/s^2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon.

<p>$1.62\ m/s^2$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the mass of a planet were to double, what would happen to the gravitational field strength on its surface?

<p>The gravitational field strength would double. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the gravitational force if the mass of one object is doubled?

<p>The gravitational force doubles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does doubling the mass of both objects affect the gravitational force between them?

<p>The force becomes 4 times greater. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the mass of both objects is cut in half, what happens to the gravitational force between them?

<p>The gravitational force is halved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gravitational force if one object's mass is doubled and the other object's mass is cut in half, given that the original force is 20 N?

<p>10 N (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gravitational force change with an increase in distance between the two objects?

<p>The gravitational force decreases inversely with the square of the distance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a neutron?

<p>0 C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of charge?

<p>Coulomb (C) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an object has a positive charge, what does it mean in terms of its electron count?

<p>It has more protons than electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Conservation of Charge?

<p>Charge is always conserved, meaning it can't be created or destroyed, only transferred. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons would be needed to accumulate a charge of -2 C?

<p>$1.25 \times 10^{19}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the word electricity originate from?

<p>A Greek word meaning 'amber' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that describes the phenomenon commonly referred to as static electricity?

<p>Amber effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Benjamin Franklin arbitrarily label one type of electric charge?

<p>Positive charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of conservation of charge state?

<p>Charge is always conserved in interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the humor in the comic strip, which charge should the glass have when left by silk?

<p>Negative charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keeps satellites in orbit around the Earth?

<p>The speed of the satellites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what speed must a satellite travel to maintain a circular orbit around the Earth?

<p>27,000 km/h (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the experience of weightlessness in orbiting objects?

<p>The lack of normal force due to free fall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the gravitational force pulls down and an upward acceleration is present at the same time?

<p>The object feels increased weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the sensation of weightlessness experienced by astronauts in orbit?

<p>Apparent weightlessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the gravitational force when the distance between two objects is tripled?

<p>The force becomes 1/9 of the original force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the distance between two objects is doubled, what will be the new gravitational force if the original force was 36 N?

<p>9 N (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the gravitational pull between the Earth and the Moon is correct?

<p>The Earth pulls harder on the Moon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on gravitational force if the distance between two objects is reduced to half?

<p>The gravitational force increases four times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gravitational interactions, which option best describes the relationship between the force exerted by the Earth on the Moon and that exerted by the Moon on the Earth?

<p>The forces are equal but opposite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed due to electrostatic forces between ions.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons; they have less ionic character.

Valency

The combining capacity of an element, represented by its charge.

+1 to -3 Charge

Common oxidation states of elements in the valency table with positive and negative charges.

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Periodic Table Groups

Based on valency, elements are categorized into groups with similar properties.

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Charge of an electron

The electric charge of an electron is -1.6 x 10^-19 C.

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Calculating electrons from charge

The number of electrons is calculated as #electrons = q_total / (1.6 x 10^-19).

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What is an ion?

An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.

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What is polarity in molecules?

A polar molecule has a net positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other.

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Every particle attracts every other particle with a force proportional to their masses and inversely by the distance squared.

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Gravitational Force Formula

The formula is F₆ = G(m₁m₂)/r², where G is the gravitational constant.

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Gravitational Constant (G)

G = 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ N m²/kg²; used in the gravitational force equation.

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Mass in Gravitation

Masses m₁ and m₂ are the quantities of matter in two objects interacting via gravity.

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Distance in Gravitation

Distance r is the separation between the centers of two attracting masses.

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Opposite Charges

Opposite electric charges attract each other, while like charges repel each other.

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Conservation of Charge

The total electric charge in a closed system remains constant; charge cannot be created or destroyed.

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Coulomb Symbol and Unit

The symbol for electric charge is 'q' or 'Q', and the unit is the Coulomb (C).

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Acceleration due to gravity (g)

The rate at which an object accelerates towards Earth, approx. 9.81 m/s² at sea level.

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Gravitational field strength

The force of gravity acting on a unit mass at a point in space.

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Variation of g across Earth

The acceleration due to gravity changes slightly depending on location and altitude.

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Gravity on ISS

The ISS experiences reduced gravity compared to the surface, about 8.7 m/s².

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Formula for g

The formula to calculate gravitational acceleration is g = Gm/r², where G is the gravitational constant.

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Effect of Mass on Gravity

Gravity force is directly proportional to the mass of objects.

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Doubling One Mass

Doubling the mass of one object doubles the gravitational force.

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Doubling Both Masses

Doubling the mass of both objects increases the force by a factor of 4.

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Distance Effect on Gravity

Gravity force is inversely proportional to the square of distance between centers.

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Gravitational Force Dependency

Gravitational force changes with the mass and distance between objects.

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Gravitational Field Strength (g)

The acceleration due to gravity at a point in a gravitational field.

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Force of Gravity Formula

The force of gravity is calculated with F_g = m_E g.

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Mass of Earth (m_E)

The mass of Earth can be calculated using m_E = gr_E^2 / G.

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Gravitational Field Strength on Moon

Calculation of g on the Moon using g = G(m_moon)/(r_moon^2).

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Acceleration due to Gravity (g) Formula

g = G(m_E)/(r_E^2) describes gravitational pull based on mass and distance.

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Electrostatics

The study of electric charges at rest, including forces between them.

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Amber Effect

Static electricity generated by rubbing amber, first observed in ancient times.

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Benjamin Franklin's Charge Convention

Franklin's arbitrary designation of positive and negative charges.

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Historical Misconception on Charge

Franklin's negative and positive labels assigned to charges were later deemed backward.

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Gravitational Force and Distance

The force of gravity decreases with the square of the distance between objects.

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Doubling Distance Effect

Doubling the distance results in the gravitational force being reduced to 1/4 of its original value.

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Tripling Distance Effect

Tripling the distance decreases gravitational force to 1/9 of its original strength (F = 1/r²).

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Halving Distance Effect

Cutting distance in half increases gravitational force by a factor of 4.

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Earth-Moon Gravitational Pull

Earth and Moon pull on each other equally; the force is mutual, not stronger or weaker from one side.

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Satellite Orbit

Satellites travel in orbits due to their speed, continually falling toward Earth while moving forward.

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Tangential Speed

The speed required for a satellite to stay in orbit without falling back to Earth or escaping gravity.

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Weightlessness

The sensation experienced by objects in free fall, where no normal force acts on them.

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Apparent Weightlessness

The effect where individuals feel weightless due to being in free fall, despite gravity still acting on them.

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Free Fall Scenarios

Different states of acceleration (none, up, down) affecting perceived weight: normal, weightless, and increased weight.

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Study Notes

Charge Concepts

  • Opposite charges attract, like charges repel.
  • Law of Conservation of Charge: The net amount of electric charge produced in any process is zero.
  • Symbol: q or Q
  • Unit: C, Coulomb

Elementary Particles

  • qelectron = -1.6 x 10-19 C
  • How many electrons would be needed to accumulate a charge of -2 C?
    • #electrons = qtotal / 1.6x10-19

Ions and Polarity

  • If an atom loses or gains valence electrons, that atom is now called an ion.
  • If a molecule, such as H2O, has a net positive charge on one side and negative charge on the other, it is said to be polar.

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