Chemical Bonds and Ionic Compounds

Chemical Bonds

• A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together, formed by attraction between positive and negative ions or by sharing electrons.

Ions

• Cations are positively charged ions.
• Anions are negatively charged ions.

Ionic Bonds and Compounds

• An ionic bond is the electrostatic force that cohesively holds oppositely charged particles in an ionic compound.
• An ionic compound consists of ionic bonds and contains ordered arrangements of cations and anions.

Crystal Lattice Structure

• A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional geometric arrangement where each positive ion is surrounded by negative ions and vice versa, with shapes varying based on ion sizes and amounts.

Electrolytes and Solutions

• Electrolytes are ionic compounds that, when dissolved in water, conduct electric currents due to their dissociated ions.

Lattice Energy

• Lattice energy is the energy needed to separate one mole of ionic compound ions, influenced by the size and charge of the ions involved.

Formula Unit

• A formula unit represents the simplest ratio of ions in an ionic compound, symbolizing the proportions of different ions present.

Types of Ions

• Monatomic ions consist of a single atom, while polyatomic ions comprise two or more atoms bonded together, functioning as a single entity with a net charge.
• Oxyanions are a type of polyatomic ion consisting of a nonmetal element bonded to one or more oxygen atoms.

Electron Sea Model

• The electron sea model describes metallic solids where valence electrons from metal atoms form a 'sea' of delocalized electrons, explaining properties like malleability and electrical conductivity.

Metallic Bonds

• Metallic bonds are formed by the attraction between metallic cations and delocalized electrons, allowing movement and bonding in metallic structures.

Alloys

• Alloys are mixtures of elements exhibiting metallic properties, either as substitutional (similar-sized elements) or interstitial (smaller atoms fitting between larger ones) alloys.