Physics Chapter on Force and Motion

A push, pull, or twist that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape.

A force where two objects are touching each other.

A force where two objects aren't touching but still interact.

A visual representation of a force, shown as an arrow. The length shows force strength; the direction shows force direction.

For every force, there is an equal and opposite force.

A contact force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.

A non-contact force that pulls objects towards each other.

A force that pushes an object forward. For example, a jet engine.

Force is measured using Newtons (N). A spring balance is a tool that measures forces.

When forces are balanced, an object stays still.

When forces are unbalanced, an object moves in the direction of the larger force.

To get the net force, add all the forces. Consider the direction by using positive and negative values.

Friction opposes movement of objects that touch each other.

Friction occurs between sliding surfaces, and also when objects move through air or water (air resistance, fluid friction).

Friction can be reduced by using wheels or lubricants (oil, grease).

Air resistance is a type of friction that slows down objects moving through air.It depends on how fast the object is traveling

A force that opposes motion through the air, consuming energy during movement.

A force that acts on objects without physical touch, like magnets.

A material that can be attracted by a magnet but can't generate magnetism itself.

Every magnet has a north and south pole, making them behave differently when near other magnets.

The region around a magnet where its force is felt by other objects.

Poles with similar magnetic properties (both north or both south).

Poles with opposite magnetic properties (north and south).

Measurement of strength of a magnetic field, expressed in units of teslas (T).

A unit of magnetic field strength, 1000 times weaker than a Tesla.

A magnet that can be turned on and off using electricity.

Suspending an object in air using magnetic force.

A negatively charged particle orbiting an atom's nucleus.

A positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus.

Atoms have a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.

Material with more protons than electrons.

Material with more electrons than protons.

A stationary electric charge on an object.

Objects gain electrostatic charge through friction or contact with a charged object.

Two types of electric charge. Opposite charges attract, similar charges repel.

Similar charges repel, opposite charges attract.

Methods of transferring electric charges between objects. Friction or contact.

Atoms have a positively charged nucleus (protons) and negatively charged electrons orbiting it. Neutral atoms have equal numbers of each.

Adding electrons to an atom creates a negative charge.

Static charges are stationary on objects; current is movement of charges through conductors (metals).

An atom or molecule with more protons than electrons, resulting in a positive electric charge.

An atom or molecule with more electrons than protons, resulting in a negative electric charge.

An object with an equal number of protons and electrons, having no net electric charge.

A non-contact force pulling objects with mass towards each other.

The force of gravity on an object's mass.

The amount of matter in an object.

Weight is the force of gravity on a mass; mass is the amount of matter.

Weight (w) = mass (m) × gravity (g)