Physics Chapter 5: The Laws of Motion

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Questions and Answers

What is the gravitational force formula used to calculate weight on Earth?

  • Fg = mg (correct)
  • Fg = ma
  • Fg = m + g
  • Fg = m/g

What happens to your weight when you are in an elevator that accelerates upward?

  • You become heavier.
  • Your weight decreases.
  • You feel lighter.
  • Your weight remains unchanged. (correct)

How does gravitational force vary in different locations?

  • It stays constant everywhere.
  • It varies with geographic location. (correct)
  • It only varies on other planets.
  • It decreases with altitude.

If you and your friend on the Moon both won one newton of gold, who is richer assuming both receive the same force?

<p>You are equally rich. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate value of gravitational acceleration on the Moon?

<p>1.6 m/s² (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When Charlie pulls the sled at a 30° angle above the horizontal, what effect does this have on the normal force acting on the sled?

<p>It decreases the normal force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason pulling the sled is easier for Charlie compared to pushing it?

<p>Pulling decreases the force of kinetic friction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To find the coefficient of static friction, what angle is measured when a block starts to slip on an incline?

<p>The angle of the incline when slipping starts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coefficient of kinetic friction (µk) between a hockey puck and ice if the puck initially travels at 20.0 m/s and slides 115 m before stopping?

<p>0.3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equations given for determining the coefficients of friction, which term represents the gravitational force component acting parallel to the incline?

<p>mg sin θ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceleration of the two objects in an Atwood machine if their masses are equal?

<p>Zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Atwood machine, what occurs when one mass is significantly greater than the other?

<p>The heavier mass falls as if the lighter mass were absent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to determine the acceleration of the two objects in an Atwood machine?

<p>a = (m2 - m1)g / (m1 + m2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Atwood machine, if m1 is equal to 2 kg and m2 is equal to 3 kg, what would be the tension in the string during motion?

<p>Approximately 12.5 N (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'T' represent in the equations related to an Atwood machine?

<p>Tension in the string (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reading on a scale attached to one of the objects in an Atwood machine when the system is accelerating?

<p>It decreases compared to the object's weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you determine the direction of acceleration in an Atwood machine system?

<p>By the greater mass in the system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario where mass m2 is on a frictionless incline at an angle θ, how does this affect the calculation of acceleration?

<p>The angle θ introduces a component of gravitational force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario where two objects are connected by a cord and $ heta = 90°$, what can be concluded about the acceleration?

<p>The acceleration equals $ rac{m_2 - m_1}{m_1 + m_2} g$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when $m_1 = 0$ in the context of two connected objects?

<p>It resembles a mass sliding down a frictionless incline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship expressed by the equation $f_s ext{ max} = ext{ } ext{ }oldsymbol{ ext{μ}}_s n$?

<p>The maximum static friction force is proportional to the normal force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the friction force exerted by the wall on a textbook pressed against it?

<p>Upward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inclined planes, which factor does NOT affect the angle of acceleration?

<p>The mass of the object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation $T = rac{m_1 m_2 ( ext{sin } heta + 1)}{m_1 + m_2} g$ represent?

<p>The tension in the cord between the two masses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the coefficient of kinetic friction ($ ext{μ}_k$) is applied, which equation is correctly formulated?

<p>$f_k = μ_k n$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the angle $ heta$ have on the acceleration of masses on an inclined plane?

<p>It increases the acceleration of the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the acceleration of the hockey puck when it is in motion?

<p>$a_x = -µ_k g$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which forces are acting on the baseball while it is in the air?

<p>Earth, Bat, and Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing the block on a rough surface, what is the relationship between the applied force and the force of kinetic friction?

<p>The applied force is greater than the frictional force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction ($µ_k$) in terms of velocity and distance for the hockey puck scenario?

<p>$µ_k = rac{v_{xi}^2}{2g x_f}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the setup involving two connected objects with friction, which force must be balanced vertically?

<p>The tension and the gravitational force acting on the heavier mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forces act on the bottom block when three blocks are stacked?

<p>The gravitational force and normal force acting upward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the net force acting on the connected block system?

<p>$F_{ ext{net}} = F - T - f_k$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the acceleration of both objects if the coefficient of kinetic friction increases?

<p>The acceleration decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many forces are exerted on a block of mass m moving up an incline with a spring attached?

<p>Three forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forces act on a monkey hanging on a rope, ignoring air resistance?

<p>Tension and Gravitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the tension T in a wire stretched horizontally with weight W hung on it?

<p>T equals W (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order of increasing weight, which is the correct arrangement of the following items: 100 g of steam on the Moon, 10 g of water on Earth, and 20 g of ice floating in water on Earth?

<p>C &lt; A &lt; B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of mass, which of the following arrangements is correct among 100 g of steam on the Moon, 10 g of water on Earth, and 20 g of ice floating in water on Earth?

<p>C &lt; B &lt; A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly orders the items based on increasing density: 100 g of steam on the Moon, 10 g of water on Earth, and 20 g of ice floating in water on Earth?

<p>C &lt; B &lt; A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the forces exerted when an astronaut is floating inside an orbiting space station is true?

<p>The astronaut is in equilibrium with equal forces acting on them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which forces are relevant when analyzing a block sliding down a rough incline?

<p>Friction, gravitational force, and a spring force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Coefficient of friction

A measure of how difficult it is for two surfaces to slide past each other. It is a unitless value.

Static friction

The force that prevents an object from moving when a force is applied to it.

Kinetic friction

The force that opposes the motion of an object when it's already moving.

Angle of incline

The angle between a surface and the horizontal.

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Critical angle

The angle at which an object on an inclined plane starts to slide.

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Force

A push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape.

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Normal force

The force perpendicular to a surface that supports an object's weight.

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Friction

The force that resists motion between two surfaces in contact.

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Coefficient of static friction

A measure of the resistance to motion before an object starts to slide.

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Coefficient of kinetic friction

A measure of the resistance to sliding motion once an object is moving.

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Newton's Second Law

The net force acting on an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration.

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Gravitational Force (Fg)

The force of attraction between any two objects with mass.

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Weight

The force of gravity on an object's mass, often measured in Newtons.

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g (acceleration due to gravity)

The acceleration experienced by an object due to gravity. It varies by location.

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Inertial Mass vs. Gravitational mass

Both relate to mass, but inertial mass measures resistance to acceleration, while gravitational mass determines gravitational attraction.

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Elevator Acceleration

Acceleration during elevator motion impacts perceived weight; a person feels heavier during upward acceleration and lighter during downward acceleration.

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Interplanetary Weight

An object's weight differs on different celestial bodies due to varying gravitational pull.

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Atwood Machine

A system with two objects of unequal mass hung over a frictionless pulley. Used to determine acceleration due to gravity.

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Acceleration of Atwood Machine (ay)

The acceleration of the objects in an Atwood machine, calculated using the masses of the objects and the acceleration due to gravity.

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Tension in the cord (T)

The force exerted by the string connecting the objects in an Atwood machine.

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Equal masses (m1 = m2)

If the masses of the objects in an Atwood machine are equal, the acceleration is zero.

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Large mass (m1 >> m2)

If one mass is significantly larger than the other, the acceleration of the heavier mass approximates the acceleration due to gravity.

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Acceleration of two connected objects

The acceleration of two connected objects, one on an incline, involves the masses and the angle of the incline.

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Sliding Hockey Puck Acceleration

The acceleration of a hockey puck sliding on a surface, calculated using Newton's second law and the coefficient of kinetic friction

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Connected Objects Acceleration (Friction)

The acceleration of two connected objects (e.g., block and ball) on a surface with friction, considering forces (applied, friction, tension).

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Forces on a Baseball (Air)

Forces acting on a baseball in the air include Earth's gravity, air resistance, and the force from the bat.

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Forces on a Stacked Block

The number of forces on a block depends on the setup; multiple forces can act on the block.

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Acceleration of Connected Objects

The acceleration of two objects connected by a cord, considering forces like tension and gravity along an incline.

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Atwood Machine

A special case of connected objects where the objects are moving vertically.

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Forces of Friction

Forces that oppose motion between surfaces in contact.

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Static Friction

The force that prevents an object from moving when a force is applied to it.

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Kinetic Friction

The force that opposes the motion of an object that's already moving.

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Coefficient of Friction (μ)

A value representing the ratio of frictional force to the normal force between two surfaces.

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Coefficient of Static Friction (μs)

The coefficient of friction when the object is at rest and about to move.

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Coefficient of Kinetic Friction (μk)

The coefficient of friction when the object is sliding.

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Friction Direction (Wall)

The friction force exerted by a wall on an object pressed against it acts into the wall.

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Forces on a block (incline)

The forces acting on a block on an inclined plane.

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Forces on a monkey (rope)

Forces acting on a monkey hanging from a rope.

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Tension in a stretched wire

The force in a wire supporting a weight.

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Weight vs Mass comparison

Distinguishing the difference between weight and mass of an object and their sensitivity to position.

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Increasing weight order

Rank a set of objects by their potential to pull down (weight).

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Increasing mass order

Arrange items by amount of matter they contain (mass).

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Increasing density order

Rank the items by their matter concentration (density).

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Forces on an astronaut

Forces acting on an astronaut in a space station.

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Study Notes

Chapter 5: The Laws of Motion

  • This chapter covers the fundamental concepts of force, Newton's laws of motion, and the concept of mass.

The Concept of Force

  • Contact forces: Forces that involve physical contact between objects (e.g., pushing a cart, hitting a ball).
  • Field forces: Forces that act over a distance without physical contact (e.g., gravitational force, electric force, magnetic force)

Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames

  • In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity (constant speed in a straight line) in an inertial frame of reference.
  • An inertial frame is a frame of reference that is not accelerating.

Newton's Second Law

  • The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
  • ΣF = ma (Vector equation, where ΣF is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration).

Newton's Third Law

  • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • If object 1 exerts a force on object 2, then object 2 exerts an equal and opposite force on object 1.
  • F12 = -F21

Mass

  • Mass is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its velocity.
  • Mass is a scalar quantity and has units of kilograms (kg).

Units of Force

  • The SI unit of force is the newton (N).
  • 1 N = 1 kgâ‹…m/s²

The Gravitational Force and Weight

  • The gravitational force Fg = mg, where m is the mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
  • Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object.
  • Weight is a vector quantity.
    • Acceleration due to gravity (g) varies with geographic location.

Quick Quizzes

  • Multiple choice questions covering the concepts of force, mass, and Newton's laws.
    • Questions include scenarios that test student understanding of the relation between force, mass, and acceleration.

Analysis Models

  • Analysis model used in solving mechanics problems, where the summation of forces equals mass multiplied by acceleration ΣF = ma.
  • For the particle in equilibrium, the summation of forces ΣF = 0, and the acceleration a = 0.
  • For frictional forces: ƒ≤μₙ and Æ’â‚– =μₖₙ.
    • Æ’â‚›,max = μₛₙ.

Examples

  • Numerical examples demonstrating the application of Newton's laws of motion and analysis models, including the Atwood machine, inclined planes, and others.

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