Physics Chapter 1: Electric Forces and Fields

The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This force can be attractive or repulsive depending on the sign of the charges.

The electric field at a point is the force that would be experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point.

The electric potential at a point is the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point.

The ability of a capacitor to store charge is measured by its capacitance. It is defined as the ratio of the charge stored on the capacitor to the potential difference across its plates.

The electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in amperes (A).

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

The potential difference across a conductor is the difference in electric potential between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).

The power dissipated in a conductor is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat. It is measured in watts (W).

The rate of change of electric flux through a surface is equal to the displacement current passing through the surface.

The total current passing through a surface is the sum of the conduction current and the displacement current. This is important because it ensures that the continuity equation for charge always holds true even in situations with changing electric fields.

Ampère's Law with Maxwell's correction states that the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop is proportional to the total current passing through the loop. This includes both the conduction current and the displacement current, making it a more complete description of electromagnetism.

It describes the behavior of alternating current (AC) in a capacitor. When an AC voltage is applied, the current through the capacitor is proportional to the frequency of the AC voltage. This is because the displacement current is proportional to the rate of change of the electric field.

It describes the behavior of alternating current (AC) in an inductor. When an AC voltage is applied, the current through the inductor is inversely proportional to the frequency of the AC voltage. This is because the changing magnetic field in the inductor opposes the change in current, resulting in a phase shift between the voltage and current.

RLC circuit is a circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. The behavior of an RLC circuit depends on the values of the resistance, inductance, and capacitance. It can exhibit different types of behavior, including resonance and damping.

Resonance occurs in an RLC circuit when the natural frequency of the circuit is equal to the frequency of the applied voltage. At resonance, the current in the circuit is maximum, and the circuit is most efficient in transferring energy.

The resonant frequency of an RLC circuit is the frequency at which the circuit exhibits resonance.

The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. It is given by F = I l × B, where I is the current, l is the length of the conductor, and B is the magnetic field strength.

Torque is the rotational force experienced by a current loop placed in a magnetic field. It's given by τ = N I A × B, where N is the number of turns, I is the current, A is the area of the loop, and B is the magnetic field strength.

The magnetic moment of a loop is a measure of its ability to produce a magnetic field. It's given by m = I A, where I is the current and A is the area of the loop.

The induced electromotive force (EMF) is the potential difference created in a circuit when the magnetic flux through it changes. It is given by ε = -dΦ/dt, where Φ is the magnetic flux.

Lenz's Law states that the direction of the induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

The magnetic flux through a surface is a measure of the amount of magnetic field lines passing through it. It is given by Φ = B A cosθ, where B is the magnetic field strength, A is the area of the surface, and θ is the angle between B and the normal to the surface.

The magnetic field strength at a point due to a long straight current-carrying wire is given by B = (μ₀ I)/(2π r), where μ₀ is the permeability of free space, I is the current, and r is the distance to the point from the wire.

The magnetic field at the center of a circular loop carrying current is given by B = (μ₀ I)/(2 R), where μ₀ is the permeability of free space, I is the current, and R is the radius of the loop.

The speed of light in a vacuum is constant for all electromagnetic waves, regardless of their frequency or wavelength.

Electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation.

The range of wavelengths for electromagnetic waves within a specific band.

The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is the number of oscillations it makes per second.

The electric field strength of an electromagnetic wave is a measure of the force it exerts on a charged particle.

A set of equations that describe the behavior of electromagnetic waves, including their electric and magnetic field components, frequency, wavelength, and speed.

The energy carried by a single photon of electromagnetic radiation is proportional to its frequency.

The energy levels of atoms and molecules determine the types of electromagnetic radiation they can emit or absorb.