Physics Assignment 3: Heat and Thermodynamics

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What is an isothermal process? Provide an example.

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system remains constant. Example: Melting of ice at 0°C.

What is the first law of thermodynamics? State it in a concise manner.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

What is volume expansion in thermal expansion? Explain with a mathematical formula.

Volume expansion is the increase in volume of a substance when its temperature is increased. The mathematical formula for volume expansion is ΔV = γV₀ΔT, where γ is the coefficient of volume expansion, V₀ is the initial volume, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

What are the three different modes of heat transfer? Provide examples for each.

The three modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Examples: Conduction - heat transfer through a metal spoon, Convection - heat transfer through a heater, Radiation - heat transfer through the sun's rays. Signup and view all the answers

State Boyle's law and derive its mathematical expression.

Boyle's law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. The mathematical expression is P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, where P₁ and P₂ are the initial and final pressures, and V₁ and V₂ are the initial and final volumes. Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal expansion? Explain linear expansion and area expansion.

Thermal expansion is the increase in length, area, or volume of a substance when its temperature is increased. Linear expansion is the increase in length of a substance, whereas area expansion is the increase in area of a substance. The mathematical formulas for linear expansion and area expansion are ΔL = αL₀ΔT and ΔA = βA₀ΔT, respectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is an adiabatic process? Provide an example of an adiabatic process.

An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat is transferred between the system and its surroundings. Example: A car engine is an adiabatic system, as it does not exchange heat with the surroundings during its operation. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between isothermal and adiabatic processes.

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant, whereas in an adiabatic process, the temperature of the system changes due to the work done on or by the system. In an isothermal process, heat is transferred, whereas in an adiabatic process, no heat is transferred. Signup and view all the answers

State Charles' law and derive its mathematical expression.

Charles' law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. Mathematically, it can be expressed as V1 / T1 = V2 / T2. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between linear expansion and area expansion?

Linear expansion is the change in length of a substance in response to a change in temperature, whereas area expansion is the change in area of a substance in response to a change in temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Derive the mathematical formula for linear expansion and explain each term.

The formula for linear expansion is ΔL = αL₀ΔT, where ΔL is the change in length, α is the coefficient of linear expansion, L₀ is the initial length, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is Gay-Lussac's Law? Derive its mathematical expression.

Gay-Lussac's Law states that at constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. Mathematically, it can be expressed as P1 / T1 = P2 / T2. Signup and view all the answers

A gas occupies a volume of 400cm³ at 0 ℃ and 780mm of Hg. How many litres of volume will the gas occupy at 80 ℃ and 780 mm Hg?

Using Charles' law, we can solve for the final volume: V₂ = V₁ × (T₂ / T₁) = 400cm³ × (353 K / 273 K) = 516.36 cm³ or 0.51636 L. Signup and view all the answers

A fixed amount of a gas occupies a volume of 1.9 L and exerts a pressure of 200 kPa on the walls of its container. What would be the pressure exerted by the gas if it is completely transferred into a new container having a volume of 3 L?

Using Boyle's law, we can solve for the final pressure: P₂ = P₁ × (V₁ / V₂) = 200 kPa × (1.9 L / 3 L) = 126.67 kPa. Signup and view all the answers

The pressure of a gas in a cylinder when it is heated to a temperature of 250K is 1.5 atm. What was the initial temperature of the gas if its initial pressure was 1 atm?

Using Gay-Lussac's Law, we can solve for the initial temperature: T₁ = T₂ × (P₁ / P₂) = 250 K × (1 atm / 1.5 atm) = 167 K. Signup and view all the answers