Physical Science Unit Conversions and Lab Safety

Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume. It's calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume.

The formula to calculate density is: Density (D) = Mass (M) / Volume (V)

To find the density of a regular solid, measure its mass using a scale and its volume using a ruler (length, width, and height). Then divide the mass by the volume.

To find the density of an irregular solid, measure its mass using a scale. Then, determine its volume by water displacement in a graduated cylinder. Divide the mass by the volume to get the density.

Measure the mass of a known volume of liquid using a scale. Then, divide the mass by the volume measured using a graduated cylinder. This gives you the density of the liquid.

Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas is constant, assuming constant temperature. This relationship can be expressed as P1V1 = P2V2.

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional according to Boyle's Law. This means that as the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases.

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming constant pressure. This can be expressed as V1/T1 = V2/T2

Milli = 1/1000, Centi = 1/100, Kilo = 1000. These prefixes are used to denote different magnitudes of a unit, like grams.

Protective eyewear, like goggles, should always be worn in the lab when handling chemicals, heat, or glassware.

Immediately inform the instructor, follow lab safety procedures, and utilize emergency equipment like eyewash stations or safety showers if necessary.

Physical science is the study of nonliving things, focusing on the properties and interactions of matter and energy.

Physical science has two main branches: Physics, which deals with the fundamental principles of nature, and Chemistry, which focuses on the composition and properties of matter.

Matter is anything that has mass (occupies space) and takes up space.

Time, energy, and light are not matter because they don't have mass or occupy space.

Distillation, chromatography, and filtration are methods used to separate different components of mixtures based on their physical properties.

A physical process that changes the state of matter from solid, liquid, gas, or plasma to another state, but does not change its chemical composition.

The change of state from solid to liquid, caused by the absorption of heat energy.

The change of state from liquid to solid, caused by the release of heat energy.

The change of state from gas directly to solid, without passing through the liquid state.

The change of state from gas to liquid, caused by the release of heat energy.

The change of state from liquid to gas, caused by the absorption of heat energy.

The change of state from gas to plasma, caused by the addition of energy, usually heat, which strips electrons from atoms.

The change of state from plasma to gas, caused by the loss of energy, which allows electrons to rejoin atoms.

Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object's mass. It measures how strongly gravity pulls on an object.

A physical change alters the form or appearance of a substance but not its chemical composition. It can be easily reversed.

Intensive properties describe a substance's inherent characteristics that don't depend on the amount of matter present, like density, color, and melting point.

A chemical change results in the formation of new substances with different properties. It's typically not easily reversed.

Examples of physical changes include slicing bread (changing shape), ice cream melting (changing state), and a plate breaking (changing form).

Examples of chemical changes include baking a cake (new ingredients, new texture), frying an egg (protein changes), and fireworks (explosion, new substances).

The four phases of matter are solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, variable shape), gas (no fixed shape or volume), and plasma (ionized gas with free electrons).

Solid to liquid is melting or fusion; liquid to solid is freezing; liquid to gas is vaporization (boiling or evaporation); gas to liquid is condensation; solid to gas is sublimation; gas to solid is deposition.

A chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

A reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound.

A reaction where two compounds exchange ions, resulting in two new compounds.

A chemical reaction that involves rapid reaction between a substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, producing heat and light.

A reaction between an acid and a base, producing salt and water. Also known as neutralization.

Potential of Hydrogen.

Hydroxide ions (OH-) are associated with bases, while hydrogen ions (H+) are associated with acids.

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between a metal and a nonmetal. It occurs when one atom loses electrons (metal) and the other gains electrons (nonmetal), creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

1. Name the metal first. 2. Change the nonmetal's ending to '-ide'. For example, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is formed from Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl).

A covalent bond is a strong chemical bond formed between two nonmetals. It occurs when they share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

1. Use prefixes (mono, di, tri, etc.) to represent the number of each element's atoms. 2. The less electronegative element comes first. 3. Change the last element's ending to '-ide'. Example: CO2 is Carbon Dioxide (one carbon, two oxygens).

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons. This results in different mass numbers.

The top number in an isotope formula represents the mass number, which is the total count of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus.

The bottom number in an isotope formula represents the atomic number, which is the number of protons in the atom's nucleus. This defines the element's identity.

Periodic law states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their properties show a periodic trend that repeats. This leads to the organization of the periodic table into repeating groups and periods.