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The normal specific gravity of urine ranges from ______ to ______.
1.015, 1.025
Normal urine is ______ and transparent.
clear
Excess turbidity in urine can be due to the presence of ______ particles.
suspended
The average pH of urine is ______.
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The average adult urine output in 24 hours is between ______ and ______ mL.
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A darker color of urine may indicate ______ due to dehydration.
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A high protein diet can lead to more ______ urine.
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Water and nitrogenous organic compounds, such as ______, make up the composition of urine.
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Urochrome is responsible for the ______ color of the urine.
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Urobilin is responsible for the ______-yellow color of the urine.
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Presence of too much ______ in urine indicates proteinuria.
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The ______ test is used to assess kidney efficiency by measuring how well they can concentrate urine.
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Ketonuria refers to the presence of ______ bodies in the urine.
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Diabetes Insipidus results from a lack of ______ hormone, affecting kidney function.
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The presence of ______ in urine suggests a urinary tract infection.
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Urine pH can be affected by factors such as ______ and diet.
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Urine is composed of approximately 95% water and 5% ______ waste and inorganic salts.
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The typical pH range of urine is between ______ and 7.5.
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A typical healthy adult bladder can store up to ______ cups of urine.
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Normal urine is usually clear, while cloudy or ______ urine may indicate a health issue.
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The specific gravity of urine typically ranges from ______ to 1.030.
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Urinary transparency is assessed visually, and urine should ideally be ______.
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Urine volume can be affected by factors such as fluid intake and ______ levels.
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High levels of ______ in urine can indicate a metabolic or kidney disorder.
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Study Notes
Physical Properties of Urine
-
Volume: Average adult output in 24 hours is 1000-1500 mL. Factors include:
- Amount of fluid intake
- Temperature and humidity
- Mental excitement
- Diarrhea and excessive vomiting
- Pathological conditions like diabetes
-
Specific gravity: Ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. Factors influencing it:
- Amount of solid and fluid intake
- Time of day
- Pathological conditions like diabetes
-
Transparency/turbidity: Normal urine is clear and transparent.
- Can range from clear to slightly cloudy, cloudy, and opaque.
- Increased turbidity is due to suspended particles, which can be determined by microscopic analysis of urine sediments.
- Common causes of turbidity:
- Increased cells
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Obstructions
-
pH: 4.8 - 8, average pH is 6. Variation in urine pH is influenced by diet:
- High protein diet = More acidic urine
- Vegetarian diet = More alkaline urine
-
Color: Normally has an amber yellow color, but can vary:
- Clear: Overhydrated
- Light yellow: Well-hydrated and has low specific gravity
- Darker colors: May indicate dehydration, high glucose, and high specific gravity.
- Other colors: May be due to food or medicine.
-
Pigments:
- Urochrome: Responsible for the yellowish color of urine.
- Uroerythrin: Responsible for the red color formation of urine.
- Urobilin: Responsible for the orange-yellow color of urine.
-
Odor:
- Fresh urine: Mild smell.
- Aged urine: Odor is similar to ammonia.
Composition of Urine
- Water: Makes up 95% of urine.
-
Nitrogenous organic compounds:
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Creatine
- Creatinine
- Ammonia
- Hippuric acid
- Indican
- Non-nitrogenous organic compounds:
-
Inorganic salts:
- Chlorides
- Phosphates
- Sodium and potassium
- Magnesium and calcium
Pathological Constituents of Urine
- Proteinuria (Albuminuria): Presence of too much protein or albumin in urine. Normal urine does not have persistent protein in significant quantities.
- Glycosuria: Glucose in the urine, seen frequently in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
- Ketonuria: Presence of ketone bodies in urine.
- Hematuria: Red blood cells in urine.
- Pyuria: Leukocytes in the urine.
- Bacteriuria: Bacteria in the urine. Counts of 5000 or more per mL of urine indicate UTI.
Tests for Kidney Efficiency
- Water output test
- Concentration test
- Urea clearance test
- Phenolsulfonphthalein test
Diabetes Insipidus
- Rare condition where the kidneys cannot conserve water properly, leading to excessive thirst and urination.
- Occurs due to a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or resistance to it.
- Symptoms include frequent urination and extreme thirst.
Diabetes Mellitus
- More common form of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels due to problems with insulin production or action.
- Type 1 diabetes: The body doesn't produce insulin.
- Type 2 diabetes: The body doesn't respond to insulin properly or doesn't produce enough.
Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary System
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Kidneys:
- Remove urea from blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.
- Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule.
- Organs involved in the elimination of water, salts, and other waste products of metabolism.
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Ureters:
- Narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax, forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys.
- If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, kidney infection can develop.
- Small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters every 10 to 15 seconds.
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Urinary bladder:
- Triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen.
- Held in place by ligaments attached to other organs and pelvic bones.
- Wall relaxes and expands to store urine, and contracts and flattens to empty urine through the urethra.
- Typical healthy adult bladder can store up to 2 cups of urine for 2-5 hours.
-
Sphincter muscles:
- Circular muscles that control urine flow from the bladder.
- Two sphincter muscles:
- Internal sphincter muscle: Involuntary muscle that keeps urine from flowing out of the bladder.
- External sphincter muscle: Voluntary muscle that allows you to control when you urinate.
Body Waste Elimination
- The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy, leaving behind waste products in the bowel and blood.
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Description
Explore the key physical properties of urine, including volume, specific gravity, transparency, and pH levels. Understand the influencing factors and variations that can occur under different health conditions and dietary habits. This quiz will test your knowledge on these essential aspects of urinary health.
